Final Review Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Name 5 of the 10 ways to identify minerals
A
Colour, Transperency, Luster, Crystal System, Cleavage/Fracture, Density, Hardness, Streak, HCL test, Magnetic
2
Q
Name 4 of the 9 mineral groups
A
Silicates, Native Elements, Oxides, Sulfides, Sulphates, Halidea, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Phosphates
3
Q
Name 4 of the 8 most abundant elements in the earths crust
A
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium sodium
4
Q
what percentage of the earth is made up of silicates
A
90%
5
Q
2 types of magma
A
felsic and mafic
6
Q
3 major rock groups
A
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
7
Q
the driving force behind the creation of igneous rocks is?
A
plate techtonics
8
Q
name one similarity between phaneritic and aphanitic rocks
A
both have crystals
9
Q
2 differences between phaneritic and aphanitic rocks?
A
phaneritic have large grains and large crystals, aphanitic are opposite
10
Q
what causes metamorphic rocks to become metamorphic rocks?
A
heat and pressure
11
Q
what 3 processes can create sedimentary rocks?
A
mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, biological origin
12
Q
what is matrix?
A
fine grained material between grains of sedimentary rocks
13
Q
3 main depositional environments?
A
continental, marine, transitional
14
Q
what is the most important agent in shaping the earths crust?
A
water
15
Q
describe the difference between an erosion plane and deposition bank
A
erosion plane has been cut from the earth and is usually a very steep angle, deposition bank has a gradual angle with many sediments deposited along it
16
Q
what is the difference between fluvial and alluvial systems?
A
fluvial involves water (streams, rivers) and alluvial involves rocks
17
Q
what is abrasion
A
when moving particles act as a natural sandblaster to erode rocks (ventifacts)
18
Q
what is deflation
A
the removal of loose surface sediment by wind (deflation hollows)
19
Q
2 main types of sedimentary rocks?
A
clastic and siliciclastic
20
Q
name 2 of the 3 primary sedimentary structures
A
ripple marks, mud cracks, bedding
21
Q
what is graded bedding
A
smaller particles deposited on top of larger ones
22
Q
what is the name for a lateral subdivision of the same rock or stratigraphic environment?
A
sedimentary facies
23
Q
2 types of seismic waves and how they differ
A
P waves refract through the liquid outer core. S waves reflect off of the liquid out core.
24
Q
what is the name for the zone between the crust and mantle?
A
MoHo
25
briefly describe how seismic waves work
waves are sent into the earth, reflect and refract off different rock layers, return to the surface and ar recorded by microphones (geophones)
26
what is a subduction zone?
magma and water move inland from under the ocean, forcing mountains to rise and magma to pressurize for volcanoes
27
3 ways basins form?
cratonic (on land), tensional (sea floor), and compressional (plate boundaries)
28
what is a shadow zone?
the area between P & S waves where waves can't pass through
29
what makes a conventional reservoir?
high porosity and permeability, oil and gas can be produced by drilling and pumping
30
2 most common reservoir rocks?
sandstone and limestone
31
name 2 famous Canadian oilfields
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and Hibernia
32
what makes an unconventional reservoir?
low porosity and permeability, no cap rock
33
name 3 types of unconventional reservoirs
oil sands, shale gas, coal bed methane, coal
34
define porosity
the fraction of a rock that is occupied by pores
35
what is primary porosity?
pores created in a rock during original deposition
36
what is secondary porosity?
pores created after deposition
37
factors that affect primary porosity?
packing, particle size, and sorting
38
factors that affect secondary porosity?
cementing materials, stress, fractures
39
what is diagenesis?
processes sediments are subject to as they are lithified
40
what is the difference between gross pay and net pay?
gross pay is the thickness of a reservoir from the OWC to the top of the reservoir. Net pay excludes parts of the gross pay zone that don't meet porosity and permeability cut offs
41
name the 3 theories that led to the development of the plate tectonic theory
continental drift, sea floor spreading, and transform faulting
42
what are the basis for plate tectonics?
continental drift, mid oceanic ridge, and paleomagnetism
43
name 3 types of structural maps
net pay, structure, and isopach
44
what is the number one rule of contour mapping?
contours must be the same distance
45
what are the 2 types of cross sections?
structural and straitgraphic
46
what are the 2 examples of primary sedimentary structures?
bedding plane and cross bedding
47
3 types of faults?
normal, reverse, transverse
48
what is strike?
the direction of the elongation of a rock formation
49
what is dip?
the direction an incline and decline of a rock formation
50
what is uniformitarianism?
when layers and layers of rock all come from the same depositional form
51
how does a reverse fault work?
hanging wall moves up the fault, footwall moves down the fault
52
how does a normal fault work?
hanging wall moves down the fault, footwall moves up the fault
53
what exposes older rocks in the middle of a fold?
uplift
54
what is lithification?
the process of forming rocks
55
what are primary sedimentary structures?
structures formed while sediments are still soft
56
what are secondary sedimentary structures?
structures formed after lithification
57
what are the 3 folds?
anticline, syncline, and monocline
58
which fold makes for the best trap?
anticline
59
what are the components of a fold?
limb, axis, axial plane
60
what is a dome?
when beds dip away form the center
61
what are the 3 versions of a single fold?
overturned, recumbent and plunge
62
what are the 3 types of unconformities?
discontinuity, non-conformity and and angular unconformity (easiest)
63
what do you call the lack of deposition in a log?
hiatus
64
what is a thrust fault?
a reverse fault where the hanging wall is at a steeper angle
65
what is correlation?
predicting how rock formations go based on the data obtained from nearby areas
66
what makes a formation?
a group of rock layers that have recognizable similarities, were originally horizontal, and are large enough to be mapped and distinguishable from other layers
67
what are the 3 ways to correlate?
time, rock type, fossil types
68
what is primary migration?
the movement of hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock
69
what is secondary migration?
movement of hydrocarbons within the reservoir rock
70
what is a trap?
a dense rock that prevents hydrocarbons from rising to the surface
71
what are the two types of traps?
stratigraphic and structural
72
what are different types of structural traps?
anticlines, faults and salt domes
73
what are 3 types of stratigraphic traps?
pinch outs, reef, unconformities, diagenetic, combination, traps and plate tectonics, and extensional basins
74
what is closure?
the vertical distance between the crest and spill point
75
what kind of trap do unconventional reservoirs have?
none
76
what are the 4 parts of a hydrocarbon system?
generation, migration, trap, and reservoir
77
what are driving forces behind secondary migration?
buoyancy and hydrodynamic flow
78
what are elements of a trap?
seal, top seal, basal seal.
79
name 3 different fluid contacts
OWC, GWC, GOC
80
what is a crest?
structurally highest point in a reservoir
81
what is a spill point?
the lowest point in a reservoir that can hold hydrocarbons
82
what is the lightest dry gas?
methane
83
what is the difference between hydrocarbons and petroleum?
hydrocarbons are purely hydrogen and carbon, whereas petroleum is a mix of hydrocarbons and impurities
84
how is methane formed?
organically and biogenically
85
what are condensates?
gases that are gaseous in the subsurface and liquid above surface
86
what gases are formed from thermal maturation of organic material
ethane, butane and pentane
87
what type of gas is deadly to humans?
H2S
88
name 3 of 5 non hydrocarbon gases found within the earths surface
helium, nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, H2S
89
what are the three types of oil?
paraffins, aromatics, napthenes
90
name 2 examples of solid hydrocarbons
kerogen, gas hydrates, coal
91
define catagenesis
the process of releasing petroleum from kerogen
92
4 factors that combine to give us petroleum?
pressure, temperature, time and kerogen
93
what 2 functions is shale used for?
source rock and a seal
94
what is the main cause for petroleum migration?
compaction
95
what are the 2 types of pore water?
interstitial and free
96
what are the 3 formations of pore water?
meteoric, connate, juvenile
97
what type of pore water is used to transport hydrocarbons during migration?
connate
98
what are 2 methods of dating?
absolute and relative
99
how does absolute dating work?
uses the decay of radioactive elements to determine the age of rocks
100
what rock type works best for relative dating?
sedimentary rocks
101
what are the 6 principles of relative dating?
superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, fossil successions
102
what are the 2 main WCSB pools?
leduc and cardium
103
what 2 periods are crucial to oil production in Alberta?
cretaceous and devonian
104
what order does time go?
eon, era, period, epoch
105
what type of rocks are associated with the devonian period?
carbonates
106
siliciclastics are associated with what time period?
cretaceous
107
what formation is associated with the oil sands?
McMurray and mannville
108
what are 3 processes used to recover heavy oil (oil sands)
THAI, SAGD, CSS, DST, and mining
109
what is the main indicator of basin maturity?
drilling density
110
what is the difference between a mature and immature basin?
mature is a productive and understood pool, immature is a pool with very little known about it
111
name 4 of the eastern Canada oilfields
hibernia, terra nova, ben nevis, white rose, hebron
112
what is needed to make shale gas economical?
horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing
113
what are the 4 stages of exploration?
data acquisition, interpretation, display, and decision
114
what is a play?
a model or concept of how a hydrocarbon might occur
115
what is a prospect?
and specific feature within the play
116
what is a prospect lead?
an idea of where hydrocarbons might be
117
to what system are wells classified as based on their risk?
the Lahee System
118
what is a wildcat?
the 1st well in a new area
119
true or false, well data is available to the public in the USA
FALSE
120
what is an isochron the time equivalent of?
an ispoach
121
what is Walthers law?
when a depositional environment "migrates" laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another. (example: marine transgression)
122
What does FPSO stand for?
Floating production storage and offloading vessel
123
What are the 2 Eons?
Phanerozoic & Precanbrian
124
What are the 3 Phanerozoic Eras?
Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
125
What are the 3 Precambrian Eras?
Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean
126
The Devonian makes up what percentage of Albertas oil production?
54%
127
In what year did Canadian Pacific Railway discover gas near Medicine Hat, AB?
1880, while drilling for water
128
True or False. When source rock pressure increases so does solubility?
True
129
What are the 4 subclasses of natural gas?
- Solution (dissolved in oil)
- Associated (gas cap gas)
- Non-associated (reservoir containing very little oil)
- Sweet/Sour (absence or presence of H2S)
130
Another name for Diaperic trap?
Salt Dome
131
A formation is frequently divided into smaller units, which are called ?
a member, a unit, a zone or a bed
132
The lower part of a formation may be referred to as?
Basal
133
What 3 periods make up the Cenozoic ERA?
- Quaternary (1.6mya to present)
- Neogene (24mya to 1.6mya)
- Paleogene (66mya to 24mya)
134
What 3 periods make up the Mesozoic ERA?
- Cretateous (144mya to 66mya)
- Jurassic (208mya to 144mya)
- Triassic (245mya to 208mya)
135
What 7 periods make up the Paleozoic ERA?
- Permian (286mya to 245mya)
- Pennsylvanian(Carboniferous)(320mya to 286mya)
- Mississippean(Carboniferous)(360mya to 320mya)
- Devonian (408mya to 360mya)
- Silurian (438mya to 408mya)
- Ordovician (505mya to 438mya)
- Cambrian (545mya to 505)
136
What geological event(s) took place in the Cenozoic ERA?
Glaciation (multiple ice ages)
137
What are the characteristics of a "Good Reservoir"?
Porous, Permeable, & oil can be easily removed
138
Explain Hotspots?
Areas where magma rises to the mantle (in what appears to be a constant location due to underlying mantle convection)
139
What is the life cycle of and Oil or Gas Pool?
Exploration
Development
Production
Reclamation
140
True or False. Development wells qualify for tax incentives?
False. Development wells are drilled close to producing wells. Exploration wells are subject to tax incentives.
141
Well data becomes publically available to other companies after a period of time known as......?
the Confidentiality Period
142
The confidentiality period is 3 months. True or False?
False, the confidentiality period varies according to the type of well.
143
What does ERCB stand for?
Energy Resource Conservation Board
144
In most cases seismic data do not have to be submitted to the governments of Canada. True or False?
True. In most cases the remain the property of the oil company that acquired the data.
145
What are the 2 sources of Land seismic data acquisition?
1. Explosives (dynamite sources) or
| 2. Vibrator Trucks (vibroseis)
146
Seismic data is displayed using a:
Vertical TIME scale
