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Geology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 of the 10 ways to identify minerals

A

Colour, Transperency, Luster, Crystal System, Cleavage/Fracture, Density, Hardness, Streak, HCL test, Magnetic

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2
Q

Name 4 of the 9 mineral groups

A

Silicates, Native Elements, Oxides, Sulfides, Sulphates, Halidea, Carbonates, Hydroxides, Phosphates

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3
Q

Name 4 of the 8 most abundant elements in the earths crust

A

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium sodium

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4
Q

what percentage of the earth is made up of silicates

A

90%

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5
Q

2 types of magma

A

felsic and mafic

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6
Q

3 major rock groups

A

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

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7
Q

the driving force behind the creation of igneous rocks is?

A

plate techtonics

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8
Q

name one similarity between phaneritic and aphanitic rocks

A

both have crystals

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9
Q

2 differences between phaneritic and aphanitic rocks?

A

phaneritic have large grains and large crystals, aphanitic are opposite

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10
Q

what causes metamorphic rocks to become metamorphic rocks?

A

heat and pressure

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11
Q

what 3 processes can create sedimentary rocks?

A

mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, biological origin

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12
Q

what is matrix?

A

fine grained material between grains of sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

3 main depositional environments?

A

continental, marine, transitional

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14
Q

what is the most important agent in shaping the earths crust?

A

water

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15
Q

describe the difference between an erosion plane and deposition bank

A

erosion plane has been cut from the earth and is usually a very steep angle, deposition bank has a gradual angle with many sediments deposited along it

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16
Q

what is the difference between fluvial and alluvial systems?

A

fluvial involves water (streams, rivers) and alluvial involves rocks

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17
Q

what is abrasion

A

when moving particles act as a natural sandblaster to erode rocks (ventifacts)

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18
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of loose surface sediment by wind (deflation hollows)

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19
Q

2 main types of sedimentary rocks?

A

clastic and siliciclastic

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20
Q

name 2 of the 3 primary sedimentary structures

A

ripple marks, mud cracks, bedding

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21
Q

what is graded bedding

A

smaller particles deposited on top of larger ones

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22
Q

what is the name for a lateral subdivision of the same rock or stratigraphic environment?

A

sedimentary facies

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23
Q

2 types of seismic waves and how they differ

A

P waves refract through the liquid outer core. S waves reflect off of the liquid out core.

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24
Q

what is the name for the zone between the crust and mantle?

A

MoHo

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25
Q

briefly describe how seismic waves work

A

waves are sent into the earth, reflect and refract off different rock layers, return to the surface and ar recorded by microphones (geophones)

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26
Q

what is a subduction zone?

A

magma and water move inland from under the ocean, forcing mountains to rise and magma to pressurize for volcanoes

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27
Q

3 ways basins form?

A

cratonic (on land), tensional (sea floor), and compressional (plate boundaries)

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28
Q

what is a shadow zone?

A

the area between P & S waves where waves can’t pass through

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29
Q

what makes a conventional reservoir?

A

high porosity and permeability, oil and gas can be produced by drilling and pumping

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30
Q

2 most common reservoir rocks?

A

sandstone and limestone

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31
Q

name 2 famous Canadian oilfields

A

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and Hibernia

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32
Q

what makes an unconventional reservoir?

A

low porosity and permeability, no cap rock

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33
Q

name 3 types of unconventional reservoirs

A

oil sands, shale gas, coal bed methane, coal

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34
Q

define porosity

A

the fraction of a rock that is occupied by pores

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35
Q

what is primary porosity?

A

pores created in a rock during original deposition

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36
Q

what is secondary porosity?

A

pores created after deposition

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37
Q

factors that affect primary porosity?

A

packing, particle size, and sorting

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38
Q

factors that affect secondary porosity?

A

cementing materials, stress, fractures

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39
Q

what is diagenesis?

A

processes sediments are subject to as they are lithified

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40
Q

what is the difference between gross pay and net pay?

A

gross pay is the thickness of a reservoir from the OWC to the top of the reservoir. Net pay excludes parts of the gross pay zone that don’t meet porosity and permeability cut offs

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41
Q

name the 3 theories that led to the development of the plate tectonic theory

A

continental drift, sea floor spreading, and transform faulting

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42
Q

what are the basis for plate tectonics?

A

continental drift, mid oceanic ridge, and paleomagnetism

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43
Q

name 3 types of structural maps

A

net pay, structure, and isopach

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44
Q

what is the number one rule of contour mapping?

A

contours must be the same distance

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45
Q

what are the 2 types of cross sections?

A

structural and straitgraphic

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46
Q

what are the 2 examples of primary sedimentary structures?

A

bedding plane and cross bedding

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47
Q

3 types of faults?

A

normal, reverse, transverse

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48
Q

what is strike?

A

the direction of the elongation of a rock formation

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49
Q

what is dip?

A

the direction an incline and decline of a rock formation

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50
Q

what is uniformitarianism?

A

when layers and layers of rock all come from the same depositional form

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51
Q

how does a reverse fault work?

A

hanging wall moves up the fault, footwall moves down the fault

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52
Q

how does a normal fault work?

A

hanging wall moves down the fault, footwall moves up the fault

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53
Q

what exposes older rocks in the middle of a fold?

A

uplift

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54
Q

what is lithification?

A

the process of forming rocks

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55
Q

what are primary sedimentary structures?

A

structures formed while sediments are still soft

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56
Q

what are secondary sedimentary structures?

A

structures formed after lithification

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57
Q

what are the 3 folds?

A

anticline, syncline, and monocline

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58
Q

which fold makes for the best trap?

A

anticline

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59
Q

what are the components of a fold?

A

limb, axis, axial plane

60
Q

what is a dome?

A

when beds dip away form the center

61
Q

what are the 3 versions of a single fold?

A

overturned, recumbent and plunge

62
Q

what are the 3 types of unconformities?

A

discontinuity, non-conformity and and angular unconformity (easiest)

63
Q

what do you call the lack of deposition in a log?

A

hiatus

64
Q

what is a thrust fault?

A

a reverse fault where the hanging wall is at a steeper angle

65
Q

what is correlation?

A

predicting how rock formations go based on the data obtained from nearby areas

66
Q

what makes a formation?

A

a group of rock layers that have recognizable similarities, were originally horizontal, and are large enough to be mapped and distinguishable from other layers

67
Q

what are the 3 ways to correlate?

A

time, rock type, fossil types

68
Q

what is primary migration?

A

the movement of hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock

69
Q

what is secondary migration?

A

movement of hydrocarbons within the reservoir rock

70
Q

what is a trap?

A

a dense rock that prevents hydrocarbons from rising to the surface

71
Q

what are the two types of traps?

A

stratigraphic and structural

72
Q

what are different types of structural traps?

A

anticlines, faults and salt domes

73
Q

what are 3 types of stratigraphic traps?

A

pinch outs, reef, unconformities, diagenetic, combination, traps and plate tectonics, and extensional basins

74
Q

what is closure?

A

the vertical distance between the crest and spill point

75
Q

what kind of trap do unconventional reservoirs have?

A

none

76
Q

what are the 4 parts of a hydrocarbon system?

A

generation, migration, trap, and reservoir

77
Q

what are driving forces behind secondary migration?

A

buoyancy and hydrodynamic flow

78
Q

what are elements of a trap?

A

seal, top seal, basal seal.

79
Q

name 3 different fluid contacts

A

OWC, GWC, GOC

80
Q

what is a crest?

A

structurally highest point in a reservoir

81
Q

what is a spill point?

A

the lowest point in a reservoir that can hold hydrocarbons

82
Q

what is the lightest dry gas?

A

methane

83
Q

what is the difference between hydrocarbons and petroleum?

A

hydrocarbons are purely hydrogen and carbon, whereas petroleum is a mix of hydrocarbons and impurities

84
Q

how is methane formed?

A

organically and biogenically

85
Q

what are condensates?

A

gases that are gaseous in the subsurface and liquid above surface

86
Q

what gases are formed from thermal maturation of organic material

A

ethane, butane and pentane

87
Q

what type of gas is deadly to humans?

A

H2S

88
Q

name 3 of 5 non hydrocarbon gases found within the earths surface

A

helium, nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, H2S

89
Q

what are the three types of oil?

A

paraffins, aromatics, napthenes

90
Q

name 2 examples of solid hydrocarbons

A

kerogen, gas hydrates, coal

91
Q

define catagenesis

A

the process of releasing petroleum from kerogen

92
Q

4 factors that combine to give us petroleum?

A

pressure, temperature, time and kerogen

93
Q

what 2 functions is shale used for?

A

source rock and a seal

94
Q

what is the main cause for petroleum migration?

A

compaction

95
Q

what are the 2 types of pore water?

A

interstitial and free

96
Q

what are the 3 formations of pore water?

A

meteoric, connate, juvenile

97
Q

what type of pore water is used to transport hydrocarbons during migration?

A

connate

98
Q

what are 2 methods of dating?

A

absolute and relative

99
Q

how does absolute dating work?

A

uses the decay of radioactive elements to determine the age of rocks

100
Q

what rock type works best for relative dating?

A

sedimentary rocks

101
Q

what are the 6 principles of relative dating?

A

superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, fossil successions

102
Q

what are the 2 main WCSB pools?

A

leduc and cardium

103
Q

what 2 periods are crucial to oil production in Alberta?

A

cretaceous and devonian

104
Q

what order does time go?

A

eon, era, period, epoch

105
Q

what type of rocks are associated with the devonian period?

A

carbonates

106
Q

siliciclastics are associated with what time period?

A

cretaceous

107
Q

what formation is associated with the oil sands?

A

McMurray and mannville

108
Q

what are 3 processes used to recover heavy oil (oil sands)

A

THAI, SAGD, CSS, DST, and mining

109
Q

what is the main indicator of basin maturity?

A

drilling density

110
Q

what is the difference between a mature and immature basin?

A

mature is a productive and understood pool, immature is a pool with very little known about it

111
Q

name 4 of the eastern Canada oilfields

A

hibernia, terra nova, ben nevis, white rose, hebron

112
Q

what is needed to make shale gas economical?

A

horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing

113
Q

what are the 4 stages of exploration?

A

data acquisition, interpretation, display, and decision

114
Q

what is a play?

A

a model or concept of how a hydrocarbon might occur

115
Q

what is a prospect?

A

and specific feature within the play

116
Q

what is a prospect lead?

A

an idea of where hydrocarbons might be

117
Q

to what system are wells classified as based on their risk?

A

the Lahee System

118
Q

what is a wildcat?

A

the 1st well in a new area

119
Q

true or false, well data is available to the public in the USA

A

FALSE

120
Q

what is an isochron the time equivalent of?

A

an ispoach

121
Q

what is Walthers law?

A

when a depositional environment “migrates” laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another. (example: marine transgression)

122
Q

What does FPSO stand for?

A

Floating production storage and offloading vessel

123
Q

What are the 2 Eons?

A

Phanerozoic & Precanbrian

124
Q

What are the 3 Phanerozoic Eras?

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

125
Q

What are the 3 Precambrian Eras?

A

Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean

126
Q

The Devonian makes up what percentage of Albertas oil production?

A

54%

127
Q

In what year did Canadian Pacific Railway discover gas near Medicine Hat, AB?

A

1880, while drilling for water

128
Q

True or False. When source rock pressure increases so does solubility?

A

True

129
Q

What are the 4 subclasses of natural gas?

A
  • Solution (dissolved in oil)
  • Associated (gas cap gas)
  • Non-associated (reservoir containing very little oil)
  • Sweet/Sour (absence or presence of H2S)
130
Q

Another name for Diaperic trap?

A

Salt Dome

131
Q

A formation is frequently divided into smaller units, which are called ?

A

a member, a unit, a zone or a bed

132
Q

The lower part of a formation may be referred to as?

A

Basal

133
Q

What 3 periods make up the Cenozoic ERA?

A
  • Quaternary (1.6mya to present)
  • Neogene (24mya to 1.6mya)
  • Paleogene (66mya to 24mya)
134
Q

What 3 periods make up the Mesozoic ERA?

A
  • Cretateous (144mya to 66mya)
  • Jurassic (208mya to 144mya)
  • Triassic (245mya to 208mya)
135
Q

What 7 periods make up the Paleozoic ERA?

A
  • Permian (286mya to 245mya)
  • Pennsylvanian(Carboniferous)(320mya to 286mya)
  • Mississippean(Carboniferous)(360mya to 320mya)
  • Devonian (408mya to 360mya)
  • Silurian (438mya to 408mya)
  • Ordovician (505mya to 438mya)
  • Cambrian (545mya to 505)
136
Q

What geological event(s) took place in the Cenozoic ERA?

A

Glaciation (multiple ice ages)

137
Q

What are the characteristics of a “Good Reservoir”?

A

Porous, Permeable, & oil can be easily removed

138
Q

Explain Hotspots?

A

Areas where magma rises to the mantle (in what appears to be a constant location due to underlying mantle convection)

139
Q

What is the life cycle of and Oil or Gas Pool?

A

Exploration
Development
Production
Reclamation

140
Q

True or False. Development wells qualify for tax incentives?

A

False. Development wells are drilled close to producing wells. Exploration wells are subject to tax incentives.

141
Q

Well data becomes publically available to other companies after a period of time known as……?

A

the Confidentiality Period

142
Q

The confidentiality period is 3 months. True or False?

A

False, the confidentiality period varies according to the type of well.

143
Q

What does ERCB stand for?

A

Energy Resource Conservation Board

144
Q

In most cases seismic data do not have to be submitted to the governments of Canada. True or False?

A

True. In most cases the remain the property of the oil company that acquired the data.

145
Q

What are the 2 sources of Land seismic data acquisition?

A
  1. Explosives (dynamite sources) or

2. Vibrator Trucks (vibroseis)

146
Q

Seismic data is displayed using a:

A

Vertical TIME scale

Geology (1 decks)

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