final review Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
Any solution that resists changes in pH because it contains a weak acid and one of its basic salts or a weak base and one of its acidic salts is called
A
a buffer
2
Q
an atom losing electrons
A
oxidized
3
Q
an atom gaining electrons
A
reduced
4
Q
Reactions in which electrons are transferred be-tween atoms are
A
redox reactions
5
Q
A substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions is
A
an electrolyte
6
Q
Electrolytic cells can also be used to form a thin
coating of metal on an object by electrolysis – may be done for protection of the underlying metal or simply for decoration
A
electroplating
7
Q
electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction produces electricity–
A
voltaic cell
8
Q
a current producing electrochemical cell that can be recharged with electricity from outside current source – non-rechargeable electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction occurs
A
storage cell
9
Q
an electrochemical cell that is designed to have the reactants continually replenished from an outside source - electrochemical cell that produces electricity and has the reactants continually replenished from an outside source
A
fuel cell
10
Q
study of chemistry of living things
A
biochemistry
11
Q
the simplest of the carbohydrates
A
sugars
12
Q
what are sugars with only one ring of carbon atoms
A
monosaccharide
13
Q
important monosaccharide produced in plants
A
glucose
14
Q
the process that produces glucose in plants
A
photosynthesis
15
Q
polysaccharide in plant cell walls
A
cellulose
16
Q
characterized by insolubility in water
A
lipids
17
Q
major nutrient characterized by producing energy for the cell
A
carbohydrates
18
Q
compounds contains the blueprint for the cell
A
nucleic acids
19
Q
structures for building and maintaining the living cells
A
protein
20
Q
the building block of protein
A
amino acids
21
Q
kind of bonds that link amino acids together to form protein
A
peptide bonds
22
Q
the shape of DNA
A
double helix
23
Q
a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substance task or characteristic
A
gene
24
Q
the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food
A
metabolism
25
the energy carrier of the cell
ATP
26
the latin phrase that means out of nothing
ex nihilo
27
five things created at the beginning
space, time, matter, energy, life
28
the book written by darwin about evolution
the origin of species
29
the idea that the present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
30
wrote a book proposing the idea of uniformitarianism
charles lyell
31
idea that god used evolution to create everything that we see
theistic evolution
32
the merging of experiments discovering that genetic traits are passed down to one’s children and Darwin’s ideas of natural selection
neo-darwinism
33
nothing is knowable outside of the natural world
secular humanism
34
idea that life arose from a chemical reaction in the ocean
abiogenesis (life from non-life)
35
the most commonly accepted view of the matter and origin of the universe
big bang
36
the study of science as it relates to the origins of the universe and of life with God as it's creator
creation science
37
the book written by henry morris and john whitcomb that inspired creation science
the genesis flood
38
process by which dna is copied for the purpose of a new cell being formed
replication
39
a random change in dna
mutation
40
most important principle showing there had to have been an act of creation
2nd law of thermodynamics (the universe is running down)
41
system that allows a bat to locate its surroundings
echolocation
42
defined as the study of compounds containing carbon, whether or not the compounds were formed by living things
organic chemistry
43
Many organic compounds contain only hydrogen
and carbon; these compounds are collectively called
hydrocarbons
44
electrons shared by two or more atoms
delocalized electrons
45
a hydrocarbon
chain replaces the hydrogen atom of a carboxyl group in what functional group
ester
46
–OH group
hydroxyl
47
An organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with an –OH group is called
alcohol
48
a salt containing a carboxylate ion (an anion formed by removing the hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid’s carboxyl group)
soap
49
organic compounds similar to soaps but capable of cleaning even in hard water.
detergent
50
common polysaccharides used for food storage are
starches
51
is simply a huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
polymer
52
full name for origin of species (this isn't technically a term but he brought it up and then told us he brought it up in review so it might be a good bonus)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
53
formula for density
ρ = m/V
density = mass divided by volume
54
formula for work
work = force × distance
W= Fd
55
formula for pressure
pressure = force / area
P= F/A
The force exerted per unit of area
56
(formula) boil's law
P1V1 = P2V2
57
(formula) Charles' law
V1 V2
__ = __
T1 T2
58
(formula) Amonton's law
P1 P2
____ = ____
T1 T2
for the record for all the gas laws the numbers are supposed to be sunscripts, but the chromebook doesn't do that
59
speed of wave formula
v = λ f
speed of wave=wavelength x frequency
60
formula for ohm's law
V = IR
current= voltage over resistance
61
means change in
delta
62
very weak ac-ids that typically have pungent odors.
carboxylic acids
63
functional group –COOH, found in carboxylic acids
carboxylic group
64
The orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature is called
scientific method
65
steps of the scientific method
observing (gathering facts), hypothesizing (suggesting explanations), and experimenting (testing explanations)
66
law of cause and effect. According to this law, events observed in the universe have rational causes; the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational
principle of causality
67
the study of reasoning
logic
68
the conclusion does logically follow from its premises; but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true.
circular reasoning
69
occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts, premises, or reasoning
ad hominem fallacy
70
a model of the design (or some part of the design) that is used for testing.
prototype
71
study of the inorganic world
physical science
72
the ability to do work
energy
73
takes place when two or more substances unite or break apart chemically.
chemical change
74
the study of interactions between matter and energy.
physics
75
the science of quantity
"language of science"
mathematics
76
the most important part of an equation
equal sign
77
a collection of compatible, related units that can be used to measure such quantities as length, mass, weight, or volume.
system of measurement
78
a modification of the metric system with meticulously defined standards for all units
SI system
79
coldest possible temperature, and the temperature at which molecular vibration ceases.
absolute zero
80
These more recent contributions, including quantum mechanics, relativity, solid-state physics, and particle physics, fall under the category
modern physics
81
has both magnitude and direction
vector quantity
82
can be defined mathematically as the change in position (displacement) divided by time:
velocity
83
which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
third law of motion
84
the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force
newton's first law of motion
85
the object reaches a velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object’s weight
terminal velocity
86
devices for doing work,
machines
87
the rate of doing work, or work per unit time.
power
88
Atoms or molecules of the same substance are
held together by an attraction called
cohesion
89
experience attraction to molecules of other substances
adhesion
90
used to multiply force in barber chairs, automobile brakes, service station lifts, airtight reservoir of a liquid (usually water or oil) opening into two cylinders of different diameters fitted with movable pistons
hydraulic press
91
(an empty space with no matter)
vacuum
92
an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object (such as your body) placed in the fluid
buoyancy
93
energy of motion
kinetic energy
94
is an attractive force be-tween all material objects; any object that has mass exerts a gravitational force that pulls nearby objects toward itself. -weakest of the four fundamental forces
gravitational force
95
affects only objects with an electric charge- second strongest fundamental force
electromagnetic force
96
The strongest fundamental force acts only within
the nuclei of atoms;
strong nuclear force
97
the transfer of thermal energy from an
object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
heat
98
a method in which heat flows between objects in contact
conduction
99
the portion of the universe being studied
system
100
states that the energy gained or lost by a system is equal to the energy gained or lost by its surroundings
first law of thermodynamics
101
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
evaporation
102
change from a solid to a liquid
melting
103
the change from a solid into a gas
sublimation
104
periodic back and forth motion that transmits energy
wave
105
number of waves that pass a point in a given unit of time
frequency
106
the length of time for a wave to pass a point
period
107
inverse of frequency
period
108
change in corse of a wave as a result of a collision with an object or boundry
reflection
109
vibrations travelling through a medium in a form of longitudional pressure waves
sound
110
change in frequency caused by an objects motion
doppler effect
111
study of sound
acoustic
112
a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches that have been deliberately arranged,
music
113
what book did newton write about light
opticks
114
what kind of wave is light
electromagnetic wave
115
semicircular arc of colored bands in the sky
rainbow
116
An arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic
radiation in order of frequency and wavelength
electromagnetic spectrum
117
electromagnetic waves with the most energy
gamma rays
118
what is the speed of light
3.00 x 10 to the 8th meters per second
119
who developed the theory of relativity
einstein
120
the study of the nature and behavior and uses of static electricity and related phenomina
electrostaics
121
an atom or object with an equal number of protons and electrons
neutral
122
states that opposite charges attract and like charges repel
law of electric charges
123
lines that map out an electric field
lines of force
124
flow of charge from place to place
current
125
material through which electricity flows easily
conductor
126
amount an object hinders electron flow
resistance
127
circuit through which current can't flow
open circuit
128
automatic switch that opens the circuit when current flowing through it exceeds a predetermined amount
circuit breaker
129
occurs when the light rays from a
distant object are refracted by heated air so that the object appears to be nearby
mirage
130
that all natural processes tend to increase entropy
second law of thermodynamics
131
a measure of the amount of disorder in the system
entropy
132
a device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes
calorimeter
133
a device that automatically regulates temperature
thermostat
134
the transfer of energy as radiant energy, transfers heat without matter.
radiation
135
regions of concentrated magnetism
poles
136
which states that unlike poles attract each other, but like poles repel each other
law of magnetic poles
137
that indicate the direction of and strength of the magnetic field
lines of flux
138
the most important cause of magnetism in magnetic materials -- produces magnetic field around electron.
electron spin
139
a navigational device consisting of a magnet free to swing horizontally so that it always points north
magnetic compass
140
and imaginary line that circles Earth
halfway between the two magnetic poles. Here the lines of flux are horizontal
equator
141
The most common electrostatic generator in use today
Van de Graaff generator
142
electric charge always moves where on a charged object
outside
143
converts electricity to back-and-forth motion
solenoid
144
an electrical switch operated by an electromagnet
relay
145
the most important device for converting electricity into motion is
electric motor
146
a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.
battery
147
. The ability of magnetism to convert mechanical motion into electric current is
electromagnetic induction
148
, a device that produces static electricity
generator
149
a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current using electromagnetic induction
transformer
150
a branch of the study of electricity that deals with the behavior and motion of electrons in a vacuum or in semiconductors.
electronics
151
a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator
semiconductor
152
a semiconductor device that can per-form the same functions as a vacuum-tube triode, such as acting as a “switch” and amplifying weak signals
transistor
153
(commonly called chips); a device, consisting of a single piece of semiconductor containing an entire electronic circuit,
integrated circuit
154
in society, one of the farthest-reaching products of electronics is a device that processes information using electronic circuits.
computer
155
why are integrated circuits better?
they are cheaper, smaller, and more reliable
156
or pieces of information, (in a computer)
data
157
modern digital
computers represent data using? ; based on powers of 2.
binary number system
158
The actual physical components of the computer
are the
computer's hardware
159
The “brain” of the
computer is
(Central Processing Unit) CPU
160
controls all the other systems of the computer, performs calculations, and executes the commands needed to accomplish specific tasks.
CPU
161
a circuit board that connects all the computers components
motherboard
162
a single piece of software that directs a computer to do a task
program
163
the largest computer network
internet
164
organized study of the composition and interactions of matter
chemistry
165
developed the atomic theory of matter
Dalton
166
dense central core of an atom
nucleus
167
positive subatomic particle of an atom
proton
168
the negative subatomic particle
electron
169
subatomic particle that carries no charge
neutron
170
an atom or molecule with an overall charge
ion
171
we can either know the position or the velocity of an electron but not both
heisenburg uncertainty principle
172
regions in which you're likely to find an electron
orbital
173
states that no two electron in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers
pauli-exclusion principle
174
KNOW BALANCING
175
the length of time for half of a substance to decay into a new substance
half-life
176
form of radioactive decay is also a form of electromagnetic wave with the highest amount of energy
gamma
177
the process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two nuclei and releases energy
nuclear fission
178
type of reactor that produces more nuclear fuel than it uses
breeder reactor
179
the type of radioactive decay in which it causes the nucleus to increase by one
beta decay
180
type of radioactive decay that decreases by two
alpha decay
181
combining two nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus
nuclear fusion
182
states that most atoms contain 8 valence electrons
octet rule
183
group 17 has how many valence electrons
7
184
basic constituent of all living things
carbon
185
groups of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds
molecules
186
kind of bonding formed from a transfer of electrons
ionic
187
kind of bonding formed from a sharing of electrons
covalent
188
electrons shared by 3 or more atoms
delocalized electrons
189
type of intermolecular force is the weakest
london
190
type of intermolecular force is the strongest
hydrogen bond
191
affects polar molecules
dipole - dipole
192
affects all molecules
london force
193
substance doing the dissolving
solvent
194
substance being dissolved
solute
195
avagadros number -- mole
6.022 times 10 to the 23
196
one way diffusion through a semipermiable membrane
osmosis
197
the total mass of the products are equal to the total mass of the reactants
law of conservation of mass
198
A + BC -> B+ AC
single-displacement
know the others as well
199
chemical reaction that releases thermal energy
exothermic reaction
200
type of reaction that can be made to go backwards
reversible
201
when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
chemical equilibrium
202
chemical reaction that absorbs thermal energy
endothermic
203
substance that does not produce hydrogen or hydroxide when dissolved in water
salt
204
what type of acids or bases associate 100 %
strong
205
has a ph of 4
acidic
206
unit of energy
joule
207
unit of length
meter
208
unit of time
seconds
209
unit of mass
kilogram
210
unit of pressure
pascal
211
unit of volume
liter
212
unit of force
newton
213
unit of voltage
volt
214
unit of current
amp
215
unit of charge
coulumb
216
unit of resistance
ohm
217
unit of temperature (gas laws)
Kelvin
218
a device that allows for a controlled chain reaction
nuclear reactor
219
