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Oceanography > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Net primary production

A

Gain of organic matter through phytoplankton production minus phytoplankton respiration

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2
Q

Seasonal plankton succession in temperate latitudes

A
  • light limited in winter
  • nutrient limited in summer
    (fall + may are best)
    ^fall storms increase nutrient availability
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3
Q

Plankton

A

drifting organisms MOVED ALONG BY CURRENTS, central to all marine ecosystems

*some plankton are capable of vertical migrations

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4
Q

Nekton

A

organisms that can swim against currents, they are typically larger than plankton + multicellular
Ex. tuna, whales, big fish

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5
Q

Benthos

A

organisms that live on, in, or attached to sea floor
ex. crabs, starfish

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6
Q

Where does 50% of the 02 we breathe come from?

A

the ocean

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7
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • thrives in stratified, low nutrient waters
  • only bacteria under the phytoplankton : chlorophyll is organized in membranes, not chloroplasts
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8
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A
  • carbon
  • macronutrients - phosphate + nitrate
  • micronutrients - iron, zinc, manganese
  • silicate (diatoms)
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9
Q

diatoms

A
  • centric (mostly planktic_ + pennate (mostly benthic) forms, some species form chains
  • frustule is primarily composed of SILICA
    -prefers high nutrient waters: most abundant in temperate to high latitudes
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10
Q

Meroplankton

A

organisms that are only planktic for part of their live (larvae stage) and then graduate to either nekton or a benthic existence (larvae of sea urchins, starfish, crabs)

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11
Q

Phytoplankton blooms occur when

A

phytoplankton growth conditions are favorable (abundant nutrients + sunlight)

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12
Q

what is an example of a region with high primary productivity?

A

the western coast continents
^bc of coastal upwelling
- this brings a lot of nutrients

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13
Q

Nutrients + light =

A

high productivity

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14
Q

photosynthesis zones

A

photic zone is the region with sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
- nutrients are more abundant deeper in water where its dark, but few algae can photosynthesize + respiration dominates

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15
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • cellulose cell walls, armored + unarmored species
  • some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
  • calm stratified waters, low nutrient environments
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16
Q

photic zone

A

upper level of water (phytoplankton + zooplankton)

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17
Q

aphotic zone

A

lower level of water, twilight + no light

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18
Q

eutrophic

A
  • high nutrient concentrations
  • high primary production
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19
Q

oligotrophic

A

regions with low concentrations of essential nutrients
- many small, competing phytoplankton species coexist
^low primary production
- subtropical gyres (blue + purple on ocean chlorophyll concentration map )

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20
Q

primary production

A

rate of organic matter production from inorganic nutrients

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21
Q

zooplankton

A

heterotrophic: nutrient recycling
- major part of the nutrient cycle because they eat a lot
* takes a long time to reproduce

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22
Q

holoplankton

A

spend their entire life in zooplankton

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23
Q

red light

A

only penetrates in the upper meters of the water column

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24
Q

blue light

Study These Flashcards
A

penetrates to greater depths
- think of primary colors; if light is red it gets reflected green.
orange –> blue
violet –> yellow

25
euphotic zone
the depth of the water that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
26
where do phytoplankton like to live
they are nutrient limited in surface waters, but where light availability is high ^ removal of nutrients due to production of organic matter (photosynthesis dominates )
27
autotrophs
plants, phytoplankton, bacteria
28
heterotrophs
animals (big fish) bacteria
29
shoaling behavior in fish (when they clump together)
- protects from predators - ehanced foraging success - higher success for finding a mate
30
anadromous fish
live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water ex. salmon
31
catadromous fish
live in fresh water, breed in the sea ex. American eel
32
new production
based on nitrate being brought up from deep waters by storms and ocean circulation, as well as small amounts introduced through nitrogen fixation at the sea surface
33
regenerated production
based on nitrogen that is recycled within the water column: NH4+ and urea (CO(NH2 )2 )
34
supralittoral or supratidal
SPLASH ZONE - smallest benthic zone
35
littoral or intertidal
- immersed at high tides, exposed at low tides -filter feeders - herbivores support a diverse and abundant carnivore population
36
sublittoral or subtidal
- lies below low tide mark to outer edge of continental shelf
37
characteristics of benthic algae
holdfast is used to attach to the ground, NOT A ROOT - doesn't produce seeds or flowers -
38
algae color zones
shallowest = green intermediate = brown deepest = red ^this is because the green algae absorbs RED light and red algae absorbs BLUE + GREEN light
39
sea grass
- NOT ALGAE - produces flowers, seeds, has roots - vascular plants
40
sessile benthic
- attached to sea floor - waits for food to pass by - planktic larvae is important for colonizing new areas and avoiding overcrowding ex. barnacles
41
motile benthic
lives on sea floor - pursue their prey, graze, scavenges over the bottom ex. crabs
42
macrofauna
starfish, mussels, most clams
43
meiofauna
often found in mud or sand - tiny worms,
44
scavengers
animals that consume already dead animals + plants: zooplankton, sea birds
45
filter feeders
clams + worms, filter tiny foods through their "eyelashes"
46
deposit feeders
deposit feeders
47
decomposers
breaks down the remaining of living things - bacteria + fungi
48
rocky shore environment
rocky shore environment
49
Epifauna
living on hard substrate (rock or pier) or attached to seafloor - corals, mussels, barnacles, starfish
50
infauna
living in soft substrates (sand) - clams + worms
51
thermal gas exchange pump
cold high latitude waters take up CO 2 from the atmosphere and sink to greater depths
52
soft tissue pump
organic matter produced in the surface ocean is exported to the deep sea where it is consumed and adds respired CO 2 to the deep sea DIC-pool
53
carbonate pump
CaCO 3 production by foraminifers, coccolithophores and pteropods; sinking shells dissolve in the water column or sediment and release HCO 3- , only a small fraction of the shells gets buried in the sediment
54
organic matter exporters
phytoplankton - diatoms, dinoflagellates etc. produce organic matter, sink to the seafloor in fecal pellets and/or as marine snow
55
inorganic CaCO3 exporters
zooplankton: foraminifers and pteropods produce CaCO 3 -shells
56
high nitrate - low chlorophyll areas
southern ocean equatorial Pacific North Pacific ^few phytoplantkon blooms because of low iron
57
moving bloom
as the ice edge retreats, the bloom follows
58
iron fertilization
add iron sulfate to the ocean in order to encourage phytoplankton growth and ocean carbon sequestration (i.e., the biological pump
59

Oceanography (1 decks)

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