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Final review Flashcards

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1
Q

what are mechanical properties

A

material’s reaction to an applied load/force
strength, stiffness, ductility, hardness and toughness

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2
Q

what are electrical properties

A

conductivity, insulation

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3
Q

what are thermal properties

A

heat capacity, melting point

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4
Q

primary classifications?

A

metal, ceramic, polymer

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5
Q

secondary classifications?

A

composite, semi-conductor, bio-material

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6
Q

why does electron configuration matter?

A

affects mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties

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7
Q

primary bonds?

A

ionic, covalent, metallic

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8
Q

secondary bonds?

A

Van der Waals, dipole, hydrogen

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9
Q

true or false: a compound can’t be ionic and covalent at the same time

A

false (calculate ionicity)

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10
Q

difference between crystalline and amorphous structures?

A

amorphous structures don’t have patterned arrangements (space lattices)

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11
Q

true or false: crystalline structures are denser than amorphous structures

A

true: orderly packing ensures minimum amount of space between atoms

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12
Q

types of arrangements

A

BCC, FCC, HCP

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13
Q

true or false: atoms touch diagonally in all three arrangements

A

false: HCP structure has atoms in hexagon shaped layers

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14
Q

true or false: polymers have the most dense structures

A

false: metals > ceramics > polymers > composites

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15
Q

types of imperfections

A

Point defect (vacancy), line defect (dislocation: edge/screw), area defect (surface defect & grain boundaries)

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16
Q

what is solid solution?

A

When a solute is added to a solvent to get rid of the vacancy defect

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17
Q

true or false: screw dislocation looks like an extra half-plane was added

A

False that’s edge dislocation; screw dislocation is when the plane partially shifts

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18
Q

what is the difference between inter-diffusion and self-diffusion?

A

self-diffusion only occurs in metals
self-diffusion is when random atoms switch to random spots
inter-diffusion is when initially the plane is split in half and slowly certain atoms migrate to the other side

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19
Q

can we diffuse semi-conductors?

A

no, instead doping occurs in small concentrations

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20
Q

true or false: diffusion occurs faster in gas state than liquid and solid

A

True: more activation energy in gas states therefore, diffusion happen faster

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21
Q

Condition for diffusion in solids

A
  1. must have an empty adjacent site
  2. certain amount of energy is required (activation energy rate)
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22
Q

difference between elastic and plastic deformation

A

Plastic deformation is when a material retains its new shape after being bent (except for ceramics)
Elastic deformation is when a material is bent and then returns to its original form

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23
Q

true or false:all materials experience elastic and plastic deformation

A

False: ceramics tend to not experience any deformation and not all materials experience plastic deformation

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24
Q

what is the difference between tensile and yield strength?

A

Yield strength is when the material goes from elastic to plastic deformation (max elastic deformation) and Tensile strength is while the material is in plastic deformation until its failure (max stress in engineering stress)

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25
does tensile strength occur before yield strength?
no, other way around
26
Is compression/tension a type of strain?
no, stress
27
what is poisson's ratio?
how much strain occurs in lattice directions
28
what is Young's modulus?
ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain
29
what is ductility?
the amount of plastic deformation a material can withstand before breakage
30
what is plastic deformation?
a permanent change to an object, visible after dislocations, affects stress and hardness of a material
31
when do dislocations occur?
when there's applied shear stress or when atom bonds are broken/reformed
32
can dislocations weaken metal?
yes
33
describe metallic dislocation
non-directional, closed-packed planes
34
describe ionic dislocation
relatively difficult motion, few slips, electrostatic repulsion
35
describe covalent dislocation
relatively difficult motion, very directional
36
what are lattice strains?
strains that extend into surrounding atoms and magnitudes decrease with radical distance from dislocation
37
Can slips occur in ionically bonded materials?
No, ionic bonding creata a high resistance to slips; instead breakage will happen
38
which type of arrangement is brittle?
HCP; FCC & BCC have high slip rates
39
true or false crystals have a preferred slip plane/direction
True
40
What is a metastable phase?
It's when equilibrium can't be fully reached because rate of approach is too slow
41
true or false: phase equilibrium means the system only has one phase
False; it means more than one phase exists at the same time (consistent with time)
42
What is solubility limit?
When solid solution is achieved: max. amount of solute is dissolved into solvent resulting in equilibrium
43
what happens if more solute than the max. amount allowed is dissolved?
More than one phase is present
44
Describe limited solid solubility
when metals that don't fully dissolve in one another
45
what is hypoeutectic VS. hypereutectic?
Hypo: left of eutectic point Hyper: right of eutectic point
46
Eutectic VS. eutectoid VS. Peritectic
Eutectic: liquid equilibrium with 2 solids Eutectoid: solid equilibrium with 2 solids Peritectic: liquid + solid equilibrium with 2 solids
47
Main Iron-Carbon phases
Ferrite, Austenite, Cementite, Pearlite
48
Bonds found in ceramics
covalent and ionic
49
are ceramics ductile?
no, brittle (zero deformation)
50
true or false: ceramics are very dense and have high melting points
False: ceramics have low density but have high melting points
51
Types of failures
1) ductile fracture 2) brittle fracture 3) fatigue
52
What is sintering process? Can it be used of metals and polymers?
Sintering is a process dealing with powder form so not possible for metals & polymers. Sintering is used to close pores and make material denser
53
What mechanical properties does porosity affect?
stiffness and strength
54
true or false: polymers have low density
True
55
true or false: all polymers are rubbery
False: only elastomers
56
Name all covalent chain configurations
Linear, Branched, Crosslinked & Network
57
Which configurations are thermoplastics/thermosets?
Thermoplastics: branched, cross linked (can be remelted) Thermosets: linear, network (can't be remelted)
58
which configurations can be remelted?
branched and cross-linked
59
true or false: viscosity increases while temperature decreases in amorphous structures
true
60
true or false: partially crystalline structures experience a decrease in volume while cooling
true
61
what is viscoelasticity?
when polymers can behave as rubbery solids
62
what is chain slippage?
the amount of slippage in chain configurations that depends on rate of strain/time/temperature
63
what affects creep?
time
64
what is polymerization?
when two different molecules come together to form repeat units
65
name three polymer additives
fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colourants, flame retardants
66
what is resistivity?
a material property independent of sample size & geometry
67
true or false: geometry has no affect on resistance
false: geometry and size affect resistance
68
true or false: metals have more conduction than polymers and ceramics
True: metals>ceramics>polymers
69
What does it mean to have a small band gap?
small band gaps are found in semi-conductors; it's easier for the electrons to travel between bands meaning more conduction
70
what does it mean to have a big band gap?
big band gaps mean that the material is an insulator; larger area for electrons to cross over so more energy needed for conduction
71
Describe the connection between resistivity and imperfections
imperfections found in the material's surface can increase resistivity
72
what can increase resistivity?
imperfections, temperature & impurity concentration
73
Describe difference between intrinsic and extrinsic conduction
Extrinsic: conduction that happens when impurities are added (doping process) and impurities have different amount of valence electrons Instrinsic: natural conduction
74
What is heat capacity
ability of a material to absorb heat or energy required to increase the temperature of a material
75
Types of heat capacities
At constant pressure and at constant volume
76
true or false: heat capacity increases with temperature
true: atomic variation increases as well
77
True or false: ceramic have more heat capacity than polymers
false: polymers>ceramics>metals
78
What is thermal expansion
when material's geometry or size changes with temperature
79
Is there expansion with a symmetric curve?
no only with asymmetric curve
80
True or false: polymers have the most expansion compared to ceramics and metals
true: polymers>cereamics>metals
81
What is thermal conductivity?
when a material is capable of transferring heat
82
What is thermal resistance?
ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not crack
83
When can we experience thermal stress?
it occurs due to restrained thermal expansion/contraction
84
Name four optical properties
absorption, reflection, transmission and refraction
85
what do optical properties tell us?
how a material responds to exposure to electromagnetic radiation (light waves)
86
How to obtain the indicident light?
Add transmitted light + absorbed light + reflected light
87
What is the difference between, transparency, translucency and opaqueness
Transparency: when a material is completely see through (no absorption) Translucency: when a material is coloured but still see through (has a tint) (partial absorption) Opaqueness: material can not be seen through (full absorption)
88
What causes material's to look "shiny"?
reflectivity
89
what happens when band gap is lower than 1.8?
light is absorbed fully making material opaque and structure is crystalline
90
what happens when band gap is over 1.8?
light is not absorbed and structure is amorphous
91
what happens if band gap value is between 1.8 and 3.1?
there's a partial absorption resulting in the material being translucent
92
Do metals tend to absorb light easily?
Yes; almost any frequency can be absorbed and 95% of light is re-emitted
93
What can cause translucency?
The absorbed light can be lost due to being scattered internally (amophous+crystalline structure) so not all light is retained and not all re-emitted
94
What causes light to be scattered?
fine pores, grain boundaries, different phases being present
95
Describe luminescence
Reemission of light by a material
96
What does photoconductivity describe?
How light absorption can be increased due to increasing charge carriers
97
Describe a single crystal
One crystal with one direction
98
Describe a polycrystal
Multiple small crystals in various directions
99

Materials (1 decks)

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