Final Review Flashcards
(51 cards)
Sand Creek
The Sand Creek Massacre, which occurred on November 29, 1864, was a horrific attack on a peaceful encampment of Cheyenne and Arapaho people along Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado. Approximately 160 Native Americans, were killed by U.S. Army soldiers under the command of Colonel John Chivington. This event profoundly impacted the relationship between the U.S. government and Native American tribes in the American West.
Little Bighorn
Also known as Custer’s Last Stand, was a major battle of the Great Sioux War of 1876, fought on June 25-26 in Montana Territory. The Lakota Sioux won , and the entire Calvary was killed
Internment of Native Americans
the forced relocation of Native Americans during the 1800s
Dawes Act
a US federal law passed in 1887 that authorized the President to break up Native American tribal lands into individual allotments
goal: to assimilate Natives into mainstream US society by encouraging the to become independent farmers and ranchers
Homestead Act
signed into law in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln, granted 160 acres of public land to settlers in the American West who met certain requirements.
John D. Rockefeller
Founded the Standard oil Company, which came to control nearly 90% of the US oil industry - monopolistic
Andrew Carnegie
Founded Carnegie Steel Company in the 1870s, which revolutionized steel production in America. He used the Bessemer process
The National Labor Union
The National Labor Union (NLU) formed in 1866, was the first national labor federation in the US. It called for an 8-hour workday
Knights of Labor
founded in 1869, and aimed to unite all workers regardless of skill level, gender, or race. Sought to create a cooperative commonwealth where workers owned industries and advocated for social and economic reforms (wages, working hours and conditions through collective bargaining)
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 was a a national federation of labor unions in the United States, primarily focused on organizing skilled workers.
Yellow Journalism
a a sensationalized, often exaggerated style of newspaper reporting prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - bold headlines, vivid illustrations and a focus on crime, scandal, and human interest stories
Muckrackers
investigative journalists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who exposed corruption, abuse of power, and social injustices in the United States.
Progressivism
from the 1890s to the 1920s, characterized by a belief in progress and social reform through government action. Progressivists aimed to address issues like corruption, economic inequality, and social injustice, advocating for reforms in areas like government, business, and social welfare.
Spanish American War
Definition: fought in 1898 with Spain over Cuba
Cause: Cuba wanting independence
Effect: led to the US gaining Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and the U.S. became a world power
Boxer Rebellion
Definition:a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901.
Cause: The rebellion was rooted in widespread discontent with foreign influence in China, including economic concessions, political interference, and the spread of Christianity.
U.S. Forest Service
established in 1905 by Theodore Roosevelt and the first chief was Gifford Pinchot
purpose: managing and conserving national forests and grasslands
National Reclamation Act
also known as the Newlands Reclamation Act, was a 1902 US federal law that authorized the construction of irrigation projects in arid regions of the American West
First National Parks
- Yellowstone, Wyoming
*Crater Lake, Oregon
*Mesa Verde , Utah
*Platt, Oklahoma
*Wind Cave, South Dakota
Hetch Hetchy
a valley that became a major environmental battle because San Francisco wanted to dam it to create a reservoir for itself. but conservationists didn’t want that.
Sierra Club
a prominent US-based environmental advocacy organization founded in 1892 by naturalist John Muir. Its initial purpose was to explore, enjoy, and protect the Sierra Nevada mountains, but it later expanded its focus to encompass all wild places on Earth.
Settlement Houses
a community center established in poor, often immigrant, urban neighborhoods to provide social support and services
World War II Beginning
World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war between the U.S.S.R. and Germany began on June 22, 1941, with Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
World War II Ending
World War II ended with Germany’s surrender in May 1945 and Japan’s surrender in August 1945
Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)
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This Soviet victory on the Eastern Front halted the German advance and marked the beginning of Germany’s retreat. The destruction of two German armies at Stalingrad was a major blow to Nazi Germany’s war effort.
