Final Review Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
Open system
A
Both energy and matter can enter and leave the system.
2
Q
Closed system
A
Only allows energy, but not matter, to enter and leave the system.
3
Q
Biosphere
A
The thin layer of air, land, and water on and in which all life on Earth is found.
4
Q
Biotic
A
Living components of an environment
5
Q
Abiotic
A
Non-living components of an environment
6
Q
Parasitism
A
A symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another organism, the host.
7
Q
Taxonomy
A
The science of classification according to inferred relationships among organisms
8
Q
Decomposers or Detritivores
A
The final group of consumers eat dead or decaying organisms (breaking them down into simpler nutrients or matter)
9
Q
Limiting Factors
A
Abiotic and biotic conditions that limit the number of individuals in a population. Examples include, soil type, moisture, temperature, competition, predators and parasitism
10
Q
Ecological niche
A
The role or function that an organism has in its ecosystem
11
Q
Interspecies competition
A
Members of different populations competing with each other for limited resources
12
Q
Intraspecies competition
A
Members of the same population compete with each other for limited resources
13
Q
Autotroph
A
An organism that is able to use the Sun’s energy to produce food for themselves
14
Q
Heterotroph or Consumer
A
An organism that is incapable of making its own food
15
Q
Primary Consumers
A
These organisms are the first eaters of producers, they are also known as herbivores
16
Q
Secondary Consumers
A
Organisms that mainly eat herbivores. These organisms can be omnivores or carnivores
17
Q
Tertiary Consumers
A
Organisms that eat secondary consumers, they are usually true carnivores
18
Q
First Law of Thermodynamics
A
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it only change forms.
19
Q
Second Law of Thermodynamics
A
Any energy change results in waste energy. (No process of energy conservation is 100% efficient)
20
Q
The Rule of 10
A
Ecologists assume that 10% of the energy at one tropic level is transferred to the next tropic level.
21
Q
Photosynthesis
A
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
22
Q
Chemosynthesis
A
CO2 + O2 + H2S —> CH2O + 4S + 3H2O
23
Q
Adaptations
A
These can be structures, behaviours or physiological processes shared by all individuals in a population that help them survive.
24
Q
Genetic variations from sexual reproduction
A
Mixing of genetic material from both parents. Offspring inherit 50% of their DNA from each parent, resulting in new combinations of genes and therefore new characteristics.
25
Genetic variations through Mutations
can occur with DNA copying errors
26
Natural selection
Sometimes certain inherited traits enable an organism to survive its environment better. This makes it more likely that the organism will reproduce and over successive generations the trait becomes more common and may become an adaptation in the population.
27
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
This process requires oxygen to produce ATP
28
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
This process does not require oxygen to produce ATP. Many forms of bacteria use this
29
Glycolysis
An anaerobic process where a small amount of ATP is formed by splitting a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate. (Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells)
30
Carbohydrate Digestion
The process begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, however, the majority of its digestion happens in the small intestine, where pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes further break them down so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
31
Lipid Digestion
Primarily occurs in the small intestine, particularly the duodenum and jejunum. Although, initial digestion begins in the stomach with lingual and gastric lipases, the majority of there breakdown is facilitated by pancreatic lipases and bile salts secreted into the small intestine.
32
Protein Digestion
Process primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine. It begins in the stomach, where hydrochloric acids and enzymes called proteases (particularly the enzyme pepsin when in the stomach) break them down. They are then transported to the small intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs through further enzymatic breakdowns.
33
Nucleic Acid Digestion
Process primarily occurs in the small intestine. Pancreatic enzymes break them down into smaller units. These smaller units are then absorbed into the body thought the intestinal lumen.
34
Archaea
-single celled organisms
-prokaryotic cells (i.e. no nucleus)
-extremophiles (i.e. live in extreme environments)
-can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
35
Bacteria
-single celled organisms
-prokaryotic cells (i.e. no nucleus)
-live in less extreme environments
-can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
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Eukarya
-single celled or multicellular organisms
-eukaryotic cells (i.e. contain a nucleus)
-live in less extreme environments
-can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
37
Villi
The innermost surface of the small intestine is lined with ridges that are covered in finger-like projections called _____?
38
Microvilli
Each villus has thousands of microscopic extensions called _____?
39
Cardiac Muscles
Striated, tubular and branched. Have one nucleus. Contract involuntarily. Are only found in the walls of the heart
40
Smooth muscle
Non-striated. Have one nucleus. Contract involuntarily. Are found in hollow parts of the body (i.e. organ linings, uterus, walls of arteries)
41
Skeletal muscle
Striated and tubular. Have many nuclei. Contract voluntarily. Are usually attached to bones of the skeleton.
42
Why are artery walls elastic
So the walls can expand and contract following the contraction of the ventricles. This action, and the pressure provide by the heart, keep the blood flowing in the right direction.
43
Circulation of Blood Through the Heart
Oxygen-poor blood from the body enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cavae. The blood then moves from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. From the right ventricle it moves through the pulmonary artery and gets pumped away from the heart on its way to the lungs for gas exchange. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. The blood then moves from the left atrium through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. From the left ventricle it moves through the aortic valve and gets pumped away from the heart through the aorta on its way to the rest of the body.
44
Sickle Cell Anemia
A genetic disorder that causes an irregular shaped red blood cell (thus causing less oxygen to be carried throughout the body). Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flowing in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. It can also raise the risk of infection. Blood transfusion can be a treatment
45
Anemia
A condition where the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen, typically due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells or a deficiency in hemoglobin. This can led to various symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
46
Erythrocytosis / polycythemia
A condition characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells in the blood. This can lead to a thickening of the blood, potentially increasing the risk of blood clots.
47
T Cells
Helper T Cells: identify invaders by their antigens and signals other lymphocytes
Killer T Cells: destroy infected cells
Suppressor T Cells: calm immune to prevent own-cell digestion
Memory T Cells: Recognize foreign cells in the future
48
B cells
Plasma B Cells: They produce antibodies that bind to foreign antigens and identifies them for T cells
Memory B Cells: Remain in the blood to recognize antigens in the future
49
Characteristics of AB blood
Erythrocytes with both type A and type B surface antigens, and plasma with neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
50
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The total volume of your lungs (all the air you can inhale/exhale plus the air that remains in the lungs)
VC + RV
51
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Air inhaled/exhaled in each regular breath (approximately 500 mL)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Air that can be inhaled above your tidal volume.
53
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Air that may be exhaled following normal expiration
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Vital Capacity (VC)
volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation). It is calculated
Vt + IRV + ERV
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Residual Volume (RV)
Air remaining in lungs after full exhalation
56
Emphysema
A disorder where alveoli walls break down and lose their elasticity. Exhaling becomes difficult, so breathing is laboured. The main cause is smoking but it can also be caused by genetic deficiencies and/or air pollution. This disorder is permanent and incurable
57
Diuretics and ADH
Diuretics are substances like alcohol and caffeine that interfere with ADH causing increased urine output.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released when you are dehydrated. It travels to the kidneys where it causes an increase in the permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts (i.e. to increase the reabsorption of water into the blood)
58
The hydrologic (water) cycle
1. Liquid water in lakes, ponds, and oceans turns into gas through evaporation (or transpiration from the leaves of plants)
2. Water Vapor in the atmosphere condenses in clouds (condensation)
3. Water returns to the ground through perspiration
4. Water re-enters lakes, ponds and oceans through runoff.
59
The oxygen cycle
1. Photosynthesis: Plants, thought photosynthesis, convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight. This process is the primary source of atmospheric oxygen.
2. Respiration: Both plants and animals use oxygen for respiration, a process that releases energy from food and produces carbon dioxide as a by product.
3. Decomposition: Decomposers break down dead organisms, consuming oxygen in the process and releasing carbon dioxide.
4. Other processes: Oxygen is also involved in various chemical reactions in the lithosphere, such as the oxidation of minerals.
5. Reservoirs: The major reservoirs of oxygen are the atmosphere, biosphere, and litho(Earth’s crust and mantle)
60
The carbon cycle
Plants use the carbon in the atmosphere CO2 to make sugars and other carbohydrates to grow and reduce. Lots of those plants end up being eaten by other organisms suppling them with the building blocks for other biological molecules and fuels. After being metabolized the carbon returns to the environment in one of several different ways, ending up in the air, water, or the earth its self. From that point it’s released naturally or is extracted by humans, in either case returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and it starts all over again.
61
Nitrogen cycle
1. Nitrogen Fixation: Atmospheric nitrogen (N2), which is unusable by most organisms, is converted into ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+). This process can be carried out by certain bacteria and also through lighting, and industrial processes
2. Nitrification: Ammonia is converted to nitrite (NO2-) by nitrifying bacteria, and then to nitrate (NO3-). Nitrate is the form of nitrogen most readily absorbed by plants.
3. Assimilation: Plants absorb nitrate from the soil and incorporate it into their tissues. Animals than obtain nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals.
4. Ammonification: When organisms die, decomposers break down their nitrogen-containing compounds, releasing ammonia back into the environment.
5. Denitrification: Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N2), which is released back into the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
62
Bacteria in the nitrogen cycle
1. Nitrogen Fixation: bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3)
2. Nitrification: nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and then into nitrates (NO3-)
3. Denitrification: denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into gaseous nitrogen (N2), which is then released into the atmosphere
63
Fast-twitch muscle fibers (AKA type II fibers)
Built for quick powerful movements. They contract rapidly and generate a lot of force, but they fatigue quickly compared to slow-twitch fibers. (Type IIb: are the fastest and strongest, but also the quickest to fatigue, they have a pale or white appearance due to lower myoglobin content and a reliance on glycolysis rather than oxidative metabolism)
64
Inherited vs acquired traits
Inherited traits are determined by genes and passed from parents to offspring, while acquired traits develop during an organism's lifetime due to environmental factors or experiences.
65
Darwinism
the theory of evolution developed by Charles Darwin, which proposes that species evolve through natural selection. This means that organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits on to their offspring. Over time, these gradual changes can lead to the development of new species
