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Biology 201 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are some other roles of ATP in the cell beyond anabolism?

A
  1. Synthesis of cellular molecules
  2. Providing molecules with negative charges
  3. Active transport across membranes
  4. Chromosome separation during mitosis/meiosis
  5. Inhibition or activation of proteins
  6. Muscle activity
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2
Q

Define a high energy intermediate using thermodynamic language

A

It is a chemical species in a reaction pathway that has a limited chemical lifetime because the products of its hydrolysis are much more stable that it is, so it has a large negative gibbs free energy, which can be used to drive other non spontaneous reactions.

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3
Q

Rotenone blocks

A

Complex I

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4
Q

Complex 1 is

A

NADH Dehydrogenase

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5
Q

Complex 2 is

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Complex 3 is

A

Cytochrome bc1

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7
Q

Complex 4 is

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

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8
Q

Components of the ETC

A

Complexes 1-4, ubiquinone, NADH, FADH2, and ATP synthase and O2 and cytochrome c

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9
Q

cytochrome c transfers electrons

A

one at a time

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10
Q

Antimycin A blocks electron transport in

A

Complex III

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11
Q

Cyanide and CO inhibit

A

Complex IV

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12
Q

When you add an inhibitor to the ETC, upstream of the inhibitor ______ and downstream of the inhibitor________

A

Components are reduced upstream and oxidized downstream

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13
Q

Example of decoupler

A

DNP

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14
Q

Example of ATPase blocker

A

oligomycin

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15
Q

Non competitive inhibitors change what

A

same Km different vmax

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16
Q

Competitive inhibitors change what

A

same vmax different Km

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17
Q

Lower Km is ______ affinity

A

higher substrate

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18
Q

Catalytic efficiency

A

kcat/Km

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19
Q

reduction is an increase in number of

A

C-H and C-C bonds

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20
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis and what does it feed into

A

pyruvate, citric acid cycle and then ETC

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21
Q

3 stages of glycolysis

A

Energy investment, glucose split, energy released

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22
Q

Step one glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Hexokinase, uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose (primes glucose to release energy later), produces glucose 6 phosphate

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23
Q

Step two glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phosphohexose isomerase catalyses opening of ring of glucose six phosphate, then does rearrangement turning it from an aldehyde to a ketone using water
Makes fructose six phosphate, then makes it into a fructose ring

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24
Q

Step three glycolysis enzyme and function

A

Phospho-fructokinase-1, makes fructose 1-6 bisphosphate

ring has now been phosphoralated twice

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25
Step four glycolysis enzyme and function
Opens up ring of fructose 1-6 bisphosphate, and aldolase cleaves it into two molecules Makes glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
26
Step five glycolysis enzyme and function
Triose phosphate isomerase turns dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
27
All steps after step 5 of glycolysis
Occur twice because step five generates two glyceraldhyde 3 phosphates
28
Step six glycolysis enzyme and function
glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase uses NAD to oxidize glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, which connects it to the enzyme by a high energy thioester bond which gets replaced with a bond to an inorganic phosphate Makes 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate
29
Step seven glycolysis enzyme and function
Phosphate on 1-3 bisphosphglycerate gets transferred to ADP to make ATP and 3 phosphoglycerate, enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase
30
What step of glycolysis pays back the energy investment of the first three steps
The seventh step, when 2 ATP are generated (2 molecules of 1-4 bisphosphoglycerate transfer their phosphates to ADP)
31
Step eight glycolysis enzyme and function
Phosphoglycerate mutase makes 3 phosphoglycerate into 2 phosphoglycerate which has a better energy of hydrolysis
32
Step nine glycolysis enzyme and function
Enolase removes a water molecule from 2 phosphoglycerate making the last phosphate group super high energy
33
Step ten glycolysis enzyme and function
Transfers the high energy phosphate on 2 phosphoglycerate to ADP to make ATP, enzyme is pyruvate kinase
34
Net production of energetic molecules from glycolysis?
1 mole of glucose makes two moles of ATP and two moles of NADH
35
Steps ATP is made in glycolysis, steps NADH is made in glycolysis
ATP: 7 and 10 NADH: 6
36
Name the six types of enzymes
``` Oxidoreductases Transferases Hydrolases Lyases Isomerases Ligases ```
37
What does an oxidoreductase do
transfer electrons in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms (perform redox reactions)
38
What does a transferase do?
transfer of a group of atoms from one molecule to another
39
What does a hydrolase do?
Transfer a functional group to water (performs hydrolysis reactions)
40
What do lyases do?
Breaks bonds between molecules without using hydrolysis, or creates double bonds by removing a molecule
41
What do isomerases do?
Produces isomers by moving groups around in a molecule
42
What do ligases do?
catalyse condensation reactions during ATP cleavage | Form bonds between two carbon atoms, or a carbon with a sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen
43
What kind of enzyme is hexokinase from step one of glycolysis?
Transferase (transfers phosphate group from ATP to glucose)
44
What kind of enzyme is phosphohexose isomerase from step two of glycolysis?
Isomerase, opens the glucose 6 phosphate ring and then rearranges to form a ketone from the aldehyde and then puts it back into a fructose ring
45
What kind of enzyme is phospho-fructokinase-1 from step three of glycolysis?
Transferase, transfers a phosphate group from ATP to 1-6 bisphosphate
46
What kind of enzyme is Aldolase from step 4 of glycolysis?
lyase, breaks into two molecules
47
What kind of enzyme is Triose phosphate isomerase from step five of glycolysis
Isomerase, rearranges dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
48
What kind of enzyme is glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase in step six of glycolysis?
Oxidoreductase (NAD is reduced to NADH, then High energy intermediate phosphoralates ADP)
49
What kind of enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase from step seven of glycolysis?
Transferase, moves phosphate to ADP to form ATP
50
What kind of enzyme is Phosphoglycerate mutase in step eight of glycolysis?
Isomerase, transfers phosphate from C3 to C2
51
What kind of enzyme is enolase from step 9 of glycolysis?
lyase, removes water and creates a double bond
52
What kind of enzyme is pyruvate kinase in step 10 of glycolysis?
Transferase, transfers phosphate to ADP
53
Pyruvate is turned into Acetyl CoA before entering the krebs cycle by
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
54
End products of citric acid cycle
CO2 NADH and Ubiquinone
55
Two purposes of the krebs cycle
Make metabolic precursors and increase cell's ATP making potential by generating reduced electron carriers like NADH and reduced ubiquinone
56
Krebs/citric acid cycle takes place where in eukaryotes and where in prokaryotes
Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes, cytoplasm in prokaryotes
57
which product of glycolysis moves across the mitochondrial membrane to take part in the citric acid cycle?
pyruvate
58
Is the citric acid cycle anabolic or catabolic
catabolic, because we break down elements into smaller molecules and anabolic because its intermediates are used to build biological molecules So its amphibolic
59
What's an anabolic process?
Build molecules from smaller parts
60
What krebs cycle intermediates are used to make biological compounds?
Citrate is used for fatty acids and cholesterol Alpha ketogluterate is used for amino acids and nucleotides Succinal-CoA is used to make heme Malate makes pyruvate Oxaloacetate can be turned into glucose
61
What upregulates isocitrate and alpha ketoglutamate in the citric acid cycle?
High levels of ADP and Ca2+
62
Built in inhibition of citrate synthase
Lack of acetyl CoA, too much citrate or too much NADH
63
What built in inhibition is there for isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Too much NADH produced
64
What built in inhibition is there for alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
Too much succinyl-CoA or NADH
65
How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphoralation together?
32 ATP
66
Anapleurotic reactions
replenish citric acid cycle intermediates
67
The change in G for converting ATP to ADP is
30.5KJ
68
Examples of Acyl phosphates from metabolic reactions
Glutamyl phosphate, succinyl phosphate, 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
69
Examples of alcohol phosphates
AMP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (steps 4 and 5), 2-phosphoglycerate (steps nine)
70
Enol phosphate
PEP (last steps of glycolysis)
71
Why are alchohol phosphates not high energy intermediates?
Their products aren't all resonance stabilized
72
Which carbons of glucose are released as CO2?
3 and 4
73
How are vitamins involved in glycolysis
NADH --> Niacin FADH2 --> Riboflavin CoA --> Panthothenic Acid
74
Prosthetic group in TCA 3
Zn 2+
75
TCA 4 prosthetic group and vitamin
Thiamine pyrophosphate, and thiamine
76
Thiamine does what
spreads out carbocationic charge
77
If you break off a terminal carbon group what is usually involved
TPP

Biology 201 (1 decks)

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