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HSC 215: final > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

0
Q

filtration

A

occurs in the glomerulus

  • more permeable to water and solutes than capillaries elsewhere in the body
  • molecules too large are not filtered; large plasma proteins, WBC, RBC, platelets
  • filtrate is forced from from glomerulus into capsule
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1
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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2
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

involves the transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries or back to the blood
- highly selective and variable process

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3
Q

Na+ reabsorption

A
  • an active Na+/K+ pump is essential for Na+ reabsorption of total energy spent by kidneys, 80% is used for Na+ transport
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4
Q

Na+ reabsorption - hormone influence

A

RAAS

  • most important and best known hormonal system involved in regulating Na+
  • aldosterone works mainly in distal convoluted tubule
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5
Q

glucose and amino acids

A

are reabsorbed by active transport in proximal convoluted tubule
- if Tm is reached, glucose is lost in the urine

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6
Q

water

A

most water is passively reabsorbed via osmosis (most common)

  • 65% of water reabsorption is obligatory in the proximal tubule (follows Na+)
  • vasopressin
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7
Q

tubular secretion

A

transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen or moving substances into the tubes for excretion

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8
Q

most important secretory systems are for ___ and ____

A

H+ and K+

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9
Q

H+ secretory system

A

important in regulating acid-base balance

secreted in proximal, distal, and collecting tubules

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10
Q

K+ secretory system

A

keeps plasma K+ concentration at appropriate level to maintain normal membrane excitability in muscles and nerves
secreted only in the distal and collecting tubules under control of aldosterone

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11
Q

if Na+ reabsorption increases, K+ secretion ____

A

increases

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12
Q

vascular tone

A

it reflects the state of partial smooth muscle contract to establish baseline resistance

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13
Q

fluid enters the venule end as a result of what two forces?

A

plasma osmotic pressure

interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

basic function of the formed elements

A

o2 transport
body defense
hemostasis

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15
Q

hematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume occupied by packed RBC to the volume of the whole blood

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16
Q

three types of plasma proteins found in the blood

A
  • immunoglobulins
  • fibrinogen and prothrombin
  • albumins
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17
Q

which plasma proteins functions to maintain osmotic pressure?

A

albumins

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18
Q

hematopoiesis is defined as ………

A

formation of formed elements

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19
Q

neurtophils

A

phagocytes, 1st at scene of injury

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20
Q

esinophils

A

parasitic worms, allergies

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21
Q

basophils

A

mast cells contain histamine

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22
Q

monocytes

A

macrophages, garbage cells

23
Q

lymphocytes

A

immunity, beta cells, t cells

24
Q

where are the platelets produced

A

myeloid tissue

25
Q

hemostasis

A

keeping blood where it should be

26
Q

3 steps involved in hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
formation of a platelet plug
coagulation (clotting)

27
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that changes fibrinogen to fibrin

28
Q

fibrin

A

thread-like end product of the clotting reaction

29
Q

plasmin

A

a FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME

30
Q

tPA

A

given to patients with blockages/clots

31
Q

ultrafiltration occurs at the

A

arterial end

32
Q

reabsorption occurs at the

A

venule end

33
Q

osmotic pressure = _____ force

A

pulling

34
Q

hydrostatic pressure = _____ force

A

pushing

35
Q

interstitial fluid

A

between the cells

fluid outside of the vessel (ECF)

36
Q

capillary

A

originating within/inside the vessel

37
Q

plasma

A

originating inside the vessel

38
Q

functions of platelets

A
  • repair damaged blood vessels

- initiates clotting cascade

39
Q

clotting cascade: Vasoprism

A

abrupt vasoconstriction of damaged vessel

- decrease radius = increase resistance = decrease blood flow = decrease blood loss

40
Q

platelets : formation of platelet plug

A

collection of platelets in contact with exposed collagen in damaged vessel wall (“burr-like”)

41
Q

platelets: coagulation

A

formation of fibrin

  • transform blood from liquid -> solid (gel-like)
  • chemical change to reinforce platelet plug
42
Q

the mechanical process of breathing is called _______

A

ventilation

43
Q

resting inspiration

A

diaphragm - contract down

external intercostals - contract to expand ribcage

44
Q

forced inspiration

A

other accessory muscles (SCM, levator, scap.)

45
Q

resting expiration

A

none = passive

relaxation of inspiratory muscles

46
Q

forced expiration

A

internal intercostals - narrow ribcage (decrease volume)

- rectus abdominus (abdominal muscles)

47
Q

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract which will ____ volume. With this change in volume, pressure will ______, making the inside pressure ____ than the outside pressure. Air will flow ___ ; inspiration

A

increase
decrease
less
in

48
Q

partial pressure = _________x_________

A

total pressure

% compostition

49
Q

most oxygen in blood travels via ______

A

hemoglobin

50
Q

saturation =

A

loading of oxygen

51
Q

dissociation =

A

unloading of oxygen

52
Q

when partial pressure is high, ________ is high. (lungs)

A

saturation

53
Q

when partial pressure is low, ______ is high (tissues)

A

dissociation

54
Q

most CO2 in blood transported as ______

A

bicarbonate

HSC 215: final (1 decks)

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