Final review

Question 0

filtration

Answer 0

occurs in the glomerulus

• more permeable to water and solutes than capillaries elsewhere in the body
• molecules too large are not filtered; large plasma proteins, WBC, RBC, platelets
• filtrate is forced from from glomerulus into capsule

Question 1

3 processes of urine formation

Answer 1

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 2

tubular reabsorption

Answer 2

involves the transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries or back to the blood
- highly selective and variable process

Question 3

Na+ reabsorption

Answer 3

• an active Na+/K+ pump is essential for Na+ reabsorption of total energy spent by kidneys, 80% is used for Na+ transport

Question 4

Na+ reabsorption - hormone influence

Answer 4

RAAS

• most important and best known hormonal system involved in regulating Na+
• aldosterone works mainly in distal convoluted tubule

Question 5

glucose and amino acids

Answer 5

are reabsorbed by active transport in proximal convoluted tubule
- if Tm is reached, glucose is lost in the urine

Question 6

water

Answer 6

most water is passively reabsorbed via osmosis (most common)

• 65% of water reabsorption is obligatory in the proximal tubule (follows Na+)
• vasopressin

Question 7

tubular secretion

Answer 7

transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen or moving substances into the tubes for excretion

Question 8

most important secretory systems are for ___ and ____

Answer 8

H+ and K+

Question 9

H+ secretory system

Answer 9

important in regulating acid-base balance

secreted in proximal, distal, and collecting tubules

Question 10

K+ secretory system

Answer 10

keeps plasma K+ concentration at appropriate level to maintain normal membrane excitability in muscles and nerves
secreted only in the distal and collecting tubules under control of aldosterone

Question 11

if Na+ reabsorption increases, K+ secretion ____

Answer 11

increases

Question 12

vascular tone

Answer 12

it reflects the state of partial smooth muscle contract to establish baseline resistance

Question 13

fluid enters the venule end as a result of what two forces?

Answer 13

plasma osmotic pressure

interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

basic function of the formed elements

Answer 14

o2 transport
body defense
hemostasis

Question 15

hematocrit

Answer 15

the ratio of the volume occupied by packed RBC to the volume of the whole blood

Question 16

three types of plasma proteins found in the blood

Answer 16

• immunoglobulins
• fibrinogen and prothrombin
• albumins

Question 17

which plasma proteins functions to maintain osmotic pressure?

Answer 17

albumins

Question 18

hematopoiesis is defined as ………

Answer 18

formation of formed elements

Question 19

neurtophils

Answer 19

phagocytes, 1st at scene of injury

Question 20

esinophils

Answer 20

parasitic worms, allergies

Question 21

basophils

Answer 21

mast cells contain histamine

Question 22

monocytes

Answer 22

macrophages, garbage cells

Question 23

lymphocytes

Answer 23

immunity, beta cells, t cells

Question 24

where are the platelets produced

Answer 24

myeloid tissue

Question 25

hemostasis

Answer 25

keeping blood where it should be

Question 26

3 steps involved in hemostasis

Answer 26

vascular spasm formation of a platelet plug coagulation (clotting)

Question 27

thrombin

Answer 27

enzyme that changes fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 28

fibrin

Answer 28

thread-like end product of the clotting reaction

Question 29

plasmin

Answer 29

a FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME

Question 30

tPA

Answer 30

given to patients with blockages/clots

Question 31

ultrafiltration occurs at the

Answer 31

arterial end

Question 32

reabsorption occurs at the

Answer 32

venule end

Question 33

osmotic pressure = _____ force

Answer 33

pulling

Question 34

hydrostatic pressure = _____ force

Answer 34

pushing

Question 35

interstitial fluid

Answer 35

between the cells | fluid outside of the vessel (ECF)

Question 36

capillary

Answer 36

originating within/inside the vessel

Question 37

plasma

Answer 37

originating inside the vessel

Question 38

functions of platelets

Answer 38

- repair damaged blood vessels | - initiates clotting cascade

Question 39

clotting cascade: Vasoprism

Answer 39

abrupt vasoconstriction of damaged vessel | - decrease radius = increase resistance = decrease blood flow = decrease blood loss

Question 40

platelets : formation of platelet plug

Answer 40

collection of platelets in contact with exposed collagen in damaged vessel wall ("burr-like")

Question 41

platelets: coagulation

Answer 41

formation of fibrin - transform blood from liquid -> solid (gel-like) - chemical change to reinforce platelet plug

Question 42

the mechanical process of breathing is called _______

Answer 42

ventilation

Question 43

resting inspiration

Answer 43

diaphragm - contract down | external intercostals - contract to expand ribcage

Question 44

forced inspiration

Answer 44

other accessory muscles (SCM, levator, scap.)

Question 45

resting expiration

Answer 45

none = passive | relaxation of inspiratory muscles

Question 46

forced expiration

Answer 46

internal intercostals - narrow ribcage (decrease volume) | - rectus abdominus (abdominal muscles)

Question 47

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract which will ____ volume. With this change in volume, pressure will ______, making the inside pressure ____ than the outside pressure. Air will flow ___ ; inspiration

Answer 47

increase decrease less in

Question 48

partial pressure = _________x_________

Answer 48

total pressure | % compostition

Question 49

most oxygen in blood travels via ______

Answer 49

hemoglobin

Question 50

saturation =

Answer 50

loading of oxygen

Question 51

dissociation =

Answer 51

unloading of oxygen

Question 52

when partial pressure is high, ________ is high. (lungs)

Answer 52

saturation

Question 53

when partial pressure is low, ______ is high (tissues)

Answer 53

dissociation

Question 54

most CO2 in blood transported as ______

Answer 54

bicarbonate