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Biology- Final Review > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

To function properly, all living things must maintain a constant internal environment through the process of
___________

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

An educated guess, or a __________, may be tested by experimentation

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

Stating in advance the result that may be obtained from testing a hypothesis is called __________

A

Prediction

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4
Q

A unifying explanation for a broad range of observation is a __________

A

Theory

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5
Q

A _________ experiment is one in which the condition suspected to cause the effect is compared to the same situation without the suspected condition

A

Controlled

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6
Q

The study of the interaction of organisms with their environment and with each other

A

Biology

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7
Q

The base unit for length in the Système International d’Unités (Interantional System of Units) is the
________

A

Meter

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8
Q

A _________ electron microscope passes a beam of electrons over a specimen’s surface, whereas a __________ electron microscope passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of a specimen.

A

Scanning, transmission

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9
Q

Substances that are changed when they become involved in chemical reactions are called __________, while the new substances that are formed are called ___________

A

Reactant, product

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10
Q

The energy needed to break existing chemical bonds during the initiation of a chemical reaction is called ________.

A

Activation energy

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11
Q

The loss of electrons is called ______, while the gain of electrons by a molecule is called_______.

A

Oxidation, reduction

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12
Q

A substance that dissolves in another is called a(n) __________.

A

Solute

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13
Q

__________ is the most common solvent in cells.

A

Water

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14
Q

Water is very effective at dissolving other polar substances because of its ___________.

A

Polarity

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15
Q

Breaking of _______ bonds is the first thing that happens when water is heated, which means that it takes a great deal of thermal energy to raise the temperature of water.

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

ATP contains ___________ phosphate groups

A

3

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17
Q

The statement “Cells are produced only from existing cells” is part of the _____________.

A

Cell theory

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18
Q

The ratio of surface area to _________ puts limitations on a cell’s size.

A

Volume

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have more specialized functions than prolaryotic cells because they contain _______________, which carry out specialized activities.

A

Organelles

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20
Q

The spherical organelles that are the site of protein synthesis in a cell are the ___________.

A

Ribosome

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21
Q

Photosynthesis takes place the the ___________ of plant cells.

A

Chloroplasts

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22
Q

Both plants and animal cells have plasma membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a(n) _______________.

A

Cell wall

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23
Q

Stacks of thylakoids, called _______, are suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

Granum

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24
Q

Organism that harvest energy from either sunlight or chemicals in order to make food molecules are called __________.

A

Autotrophs

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25
The main pigment associated with the two photosystems is ________
Chlorophyll
26
____________ is a biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic
Glycolysis
27
During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or _____ is formed.
Lactic acid
28
The Krebs cycle takes place in the ____________.
Mitochondria
29
Chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination are called ________.
Autosomes
30
A picture of a cell's chromosomes is called a(n) ___________.
Karyotype
31
In bacteria, cell division takes place in two stages. Diets the ____________ is copied and then the cell splits.
DNA
32
Collectively, the time spent in G1+S+G2 is called ___________.
Interphase
33
Microtubules that extend from the poles of a cell to the centromere during cell division are called _____________.
Spindle fibers
34
In mitosis, anaphase follows _______.
Metaphase
35
Chromosomes coil up into short rods during _________.
Prophase
36
During cell division, plant cells form a new ___________ in the center of the cell.
Cell wall
37
In eukaryotic cells, ______ takes place after the nucleus divides.
Mitosis
38
The stage of meiosis during which homologous line up along the equator of the cell is called ___________.
Metaphase I
39
The cells resulting from meiosis in either males or females are called ___________.
Gametes
40
As a result of spermatogenesis, four cells are produced that can develop into sperm cells. As a result of oogenesis, only ___________ cell(s) develep(s) into a(n) egg cell(s)
One
41
Cancer occurs as a result of disorders in cell _________.
Division
42
The transferring of pollen between plants is called _______.
Cross-pollination
43
When two members of the F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as the ____________ generation.
F2
44
Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the first filial generation, or the ___________ generation.
F1
45
In mendel's experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was always a _________.
Recessive trait
46
An organism's ______ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited.
Genotype
47
The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its _______.
Phenotype
48
The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called
Probability
49
A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a __________.
Punnett square
50
In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ___________.
Recessive traits
51
The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________.
Deoxyribose
52
Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a double _______________.
Helix
53
According to base-pairing rules for DNA, adenine pairs with _______ and guanine pairs with ________
Thymine, cytosine
54
The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence is ___________.
DNA polymerase
55
The process by which DNA copies itself is called
DNA replication
56
The nitrogenous base that is found only in RNA is
Uracil
57
The enzyme responsible for transcribing RNA is called __________
RNA polymerase
58
A(n) ______________is a sequence of DNA at the beginning of a gene that signals RNA polymerase to begin transcription
Promoter
59
Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ________.
Transcription
60
Nucleotide sequences of RNA that are complementary to codons to mRNA are called ___________.
Anti-codons
61
A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ___________.
Codon
62
The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ___________.
Translation
63
The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ___________.
Translation
64
The science of naming and classifying organisms is called _________
Taxonomy
65
___________ devised the two-name system of naming organisms.
Linneus
66
A genus is subdivided into smaller groups called ________
Species
67
Each kind of organism on Earth is assigned a unique two-word ____________.
Scientific name
68
All scientific names are made up of two words that are often derived from the ___________ language
Latin
69
The first word of a scientific name indicates the ________ to which the organism belongs.
Genus
70
Eukaryotic organisms that lack specialized tissue systems are members of the kingdom ___________.
Protista
71
The domains of the three-domain system of classification are Archaea, Bacteria, and ____________
Eukarya
72
The variety of organisms at all taxonomic levels is called
Differed
73
The Greek philosopher ___________ classified organisms as either plants or animals
Aristotle
74
__________ is the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.
Ecology
75
An ecosystem of the living and ____________ environment
Non living
76
The physical area in which an organism lives is called its _________.
Habitat
77
An ecological model is limited in its application because no model can account for every _____________ in its environment.
Variable
78
The __________ of an organism includes its habitat, its feeding habits, other aspects of its biology and its interactions with other organisms and with their environment.
Niche
79
If a deer in a forest is classified as a herbivore, then the cougar that eats the deer is classified as a(n)
Carnivore
80
Animals that eat only primary producers are classified as ____________
Herbivores
81
Bacteria that breakdown dead tissue are called _____________
Decomposers
82
When the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem are represented together, the model is called a(n)
Food web
83
A one- way path of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem is called a(n)
Food chain
84
An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy contained in the bodies of organisms at each ______________ level
Trophic
85
Every time energy is transferred in an ecosystem, some of the energy is lost as ______________.
Heat
86
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two processes that form the basis of the biogeochemical cycle known as the ___________ cycle.
Carbon
87
The conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrate by the action of bacteria is called ________
Nitrogen fixation
88
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________ growth
Secondary
89
The __________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth
Mineral nutrients (roots)
90
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and __________
Taproot
91
Primary growth in roots occurs in cells of the _________, carbohydrate storage occurs in cells of the ________, and water absorption occurs through the cells of the __________.
Apical meristems, cortex, epidermis
92
The darker wood in the center of a tree trunk is called
Heartwood
93
Wood consists primarily of _________ cells.
Xyllum secondary
94
The transport of organic molecules from the lead to the rest of the plant is called _________.
Translocation
95
The broad, flat portion of a typical lead is called the ___________
Blade
96
When the guard cells that surround a stoma fill with water, the stoma ____________.
Opens
97
Because animals cannot make their own food, they are said to be ____________
Heterotrophs
98
Multicellularity allows for the ________________ of different cells for different tasks.
Specialization
99
Unlike bacteria and most protists, all animals are ____________, which allows them to become larger than unicellular organisms.
Multicellular
100
Since sponges do not have body parts that grow around a central point or a line as you all other animals sponges are said to lack ____________
Symmetry
101
An animal whose body parts are arranged around a central point, like spokes around the hub of a wheel, has ______________ symmetry
Radial
102
Organisms with left and right halves that mirror each other are said to have _____________ symmetry
Bilateral
103
The concentration of sensory receptors in a head is called ___________
Cephalozation
104
The ______ is a fluid-filled cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm
Deuterosome
105
An animal without a body cavity is called a(n) _________
Acoermatic
106
Terrestrial vertebrates have a(n) _______________ that provides internal structural support for the body
Endoskeleton (backbone)
107
In animals with open circulatory systems, circulatory fluid is pumped by the heart into the body __________, whereas in animals with closed circulatory systems, blood is pumped by the heart through the body in ___________ that form a closed loop
Caulty, vessels
108
During cleavage, the dividing cells become progressively ______________.
Smaller

Biology- Final Review (1 decks)

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