Final Review

Question 1

Breast cancer is –1– leading cause of death and 1 in –2– women will develop breast cancer.

Answer 1

1. 2nd

2. 8

Question 2

Breast has very little subject contrast low kV (–1–) is utilized to demonstrate –2–, –3–, and to enhance –4–.

Answer 2

1. 23-28 kV
2. Short Scale
3. High Contrast
4. Microcalcifications

Question 3

Risk Factors= age (–1–), –2–, –3–, –4– breast tissue, –5– menstruation, –6– menopause, –7– use of Estrogen.

Answer 3

1. Older is increased risk
2. Family History
3. Genetics
4. Dense Breast Tissue
5. Early Menstruation
6. Late Menopause
7. Prolong use of Estrogen

Question 4

–1–= performed on asymptomatic patients; baseline at age –2– then yearly after age –3–; should do monthly –4–.

Answer 4

1. Screening
2. 40
3. 50
4. Self Breast Exams

Question 5

–1–= performed on symptomatic patients.

Answer 5

Diagnostic

Question 6

Normal breast consists of –1–, –2–, and –3–. –4– is most sensitive to cancer.

Answer 6

1. Fibrous
2. Glandular
3. Adipose
4. Glandular

Question 7

80% of breast cancer is –1– and may have –2– present.

Answer 7

1. Ductal

2. Microcalcifications

Question 8

Majority of breast cancer develops in –1–.

Answer 8

1. Upper, Lateral Quadrant

Question 9

Mamm units typically use –1– as target and –2–. They may also utilize –3–.

Answer 9

1. Molybdenum
2. Filter
3. Rhodium

Question 10

Mamm tubes usually have small FS (–1–) and large FS (–2–) to enhance –3–.

Answer 10

0.1 mm
0.3 mm
Spacial Resolution (Detail)

Question 11

Cathode usually positioned over –2– to enhance –3–.

Answer 11

1. Chest Wall

2. Anode Heel Effect

Question 12

Under no circumstances is total beam filtration less than –1–.

Answer 12

0.5 mm Al equivalent

Question 13

Compression –1– breast, provides –2–, reduces –3–, decreases –4–, and results in –5–= Reduces –6–

Answer 13

1. Immobilizes Breast
2. Provides Uniform Thickness
3. Reduces Scatter
4. Decreases OID
5. Results in Thinner Tissue
6. Reduces Radiation Dose

Question 14

Most Mamm units use a –1–. –2– is used specifically.

Answer 14

1. Moving 4:1 or 5:1 Grid

2. A High Transmission Cellular (HTC) Grid

Question 15

AEC in mamm units has sensors after IR to minimize –1– and improve –2–; can have single or multiple –3–.

Answer 15

1. OID
2. Spacial Resolution
3. Detectors

Question 16

Magnification used frequently to enhance –1–.

Answer 16

Small Lesions

Question 17

Average Glandular Dose= –1–.

Answer 17

200 mRad/view

Question 18

–1–= study of vessels.

Answer 18

Angiography

Question 19

–1–= study of arteries.

Answer 19

Arteriography

Question 20

–1–= insertion of 18 gauge hollow needle with stylet into femoral artery to allow insertion of guidewire and catheter into circulatory system.

Answer 20

Seldinger Technique

Question 21

–1– allows safe introduction of catheter into vessel. Once catheter is in proper place, –2– is removed so that –3– can be injected.

Answer 21

1. Guidewire
2. Guidewire
3. Contrast

Question 22

Guidewires are categorized by what 4 things?

Can also wipe with and flush with –5–.

Answer 22

1. Length
2. Configuration of Tip
3. Stiffness of Wire
4. Coating (Hydrophilic so it is resistant to thrombus)
5. Heparinized Saline

Question 23

Catheters diameter is identified by –1–.

Answer 23

French Size

Question 24

–1– have side holes to avoid whiplash effect.

Answer 24

Pigtail Catheters

Question 25

--1-- is injected into catheter-safer for patients; it DOES contain Iodine.

Answer 25

Water Soluable Non Ionic Iodine

Question 26

--1-- performed before exam. What 6 things evaluated before exam? Injection site must be compressed after exam to avoid bleeding, then inspected for --3--. Can apply --4-- to control bleeding.

Answer 26

1. H and P 2. Allergies, IV, BP, EKG, Pulse Ox, Clear Liquids 3. Hematoma Formation 4. Star Close

Question 27

Intervention Risks= most common is --1--. | Also 4 more.

Answer 27

1. Bleeding at injection site | 2. Contrast Reaction, Kidney Failure, Blood Clot Formation, Penetration of Vessel

Question 28

RT may be --1-- registered; also have radiologist and nus in room during procedure. Wear --2--.

Answer 28

1. CIT | 2. Wear 2 film badges

Question 29

Use fluoro C-Arm with a --1-- with --2-- for rapid exposures. Table has --3-- to take images from abdomen to feet after injection.

Answer 29

1. FS of 0.3 mm 2. Three Phase, 12 Pulse Generator 3. Stepping Device

Question 30

Ultrasound was first used by military during WWII to locate --1--.

Answer 30

Submarines

Question 31

--1-- (Brightness)- returning echos seen as dots on a line; used with Real Time (Fluro)

Answer 31

B-Mode Display

Question 32

--1-- (Motion)- used when assessing fetal heart tones.

Answer 32

M-Mode Display

Question 33

--1-- = can image moving structures and is capable of Doppler (3D in real time is (--2--)

Answer 33

1. Real Time Display | 2. 4D= 4th Dimension

Question 34

--1-- sends out sound waves and receives echos to create image (only receives less than --2-- back)

Answer 34

1. Transducer | 2. 2%

Question 35

--1--= forward movement of sound waves.

Answer 35

Compression

Question 36

--1--= backward movement of sound waves.

Answer 36

Rarefaction

Question 37

Medical US devices use sound waves in range of --1--.

Answer 37

1-20 MHz

Question 38

Use --1-- for imaging mainly superficial structures.

Answer 38

High Frequency Waves

Question 39

Use --1-- for imaging deeper structures.

Answer 39

Low Frequency Waves

Question 40

--1--= never stops being emitted; used in --2-- because it produces heat in tissues to increase blood supply and help healing.

Answer 40

1. Continuous Sound Waves | 2. PT

Question 41

--1--= pulse/echo; used for diagnostic US.

Answer 41

Pulsed Sound Waves

Question 42

Amount of echo returned to transducer is determined by --1-- = determines --2-- a material has to oncoming sound waves.

Answer 42

1. Acoustic Impedance | 2. Resistance

Question 43

Air containing organs such as lungs have --1--. | Dense organs such as bones have --2--.

Answer 43

1. Lowest Acoustic Impedance | 2. High Acoustic Impednace

Question 44

If two tissues have --1-- acoustic impedance, no echo is generated.

Answer 44

Identical

Question 45

--1-- ( change in direction of sound transmission after hitting interface of two different tissues) is a cause of incorrect localization of a structure on US image. Most prominent at --2-- interfaces. Most widely recognized --3-- artifact at junction of --4-- and --5--.

Answer 45

1. Refraction 2. Fat/Soft tissue 3. Refraction 4. Rectus Abdominis Muscle 5. Abdominal Wall Fat

Question 46

Fluid containing structures attenuate sound much less than solid structures so strength of sound pulse is --1-- after passing through fluid. --2-- is required for pelvic US to use --3-- and --4-- pelvic organs.

Answer 46

1. Greater 2. Full Bladder 3. Acoustic Window 4. Elevate

Question 47

US two --1-- when scanning= --2-- (scan head placed so that mark in transducer is pointing towards patient's head) and --3-- (mark toward patient's right side). If not- image will be --4--.

Answer 47

1. Planes 2. Longitudinal 3. Transverse 4. Backwards/Upside Down

Question 48

MRI uses magnetic properties of --1-- to produce body images.

Answer 48

Hydrogen

Question 49

MRI uses --1-- as a contrast medium.

Answer 49

Gadolinium

Question 50

Three Main Components of MRI

Answer 50

1. Main Magnet 2. Radiofrequency Subsystem 3. Gradient Coil Subsystem

Question 51

Magnetic field strengths are measured in unis of --1-- and --2--.

Answer 51

1. Gauss (G) | 2. Tesla (T)

Question 52

The higher the field strength of an MR system, the --1-- the tissue is magnetized, and the --2-- the available signal from tissues being imaged.

Answer 52

1. Greater | 2. Greater

Question 53

--1--= use liquid helium to cool magnet- used most often in clinical systems today.

Answer 53

Superconducting Magnets

Question 54

--1--= outside magnetic signals that can interfere with MRI. Machine usually with --2-- to decrease this.

Answer 54

1. Fringe Field | 2. Iron

Question 55

--1-- used to protect equipment from outside radio wave interference

Answer 55

RF (Radiofrequency) Sheilding

Question 56

MR signal is --1-- proportional to strength of --2--.

Answer 56

1. Directly | 2. External Field

Question 57

Increased --1-- is a major advantage of a higher field strength magnet.

Answer 57

SNR

Question 58

Periodic Motion (--1-- and --2--) can be compensated by monitoring and detecting and --3-- the scan to coordinate with the motion.

Answer 58

1. Respiratory 2. Cardiac 3. Gating

Question 59

Rate of wobbling or precession is the --1-- or --2--.

Answer 59

1. Resonance | 2. Larmor Frequency

Question 60

T1 Relaxation is called --1--.

Answer 60

1. Spin-Lattice Relaxation

Question 61

T2 Relaxation is called --1--.

Answer 61

1. Spin-Spin Relaxation

Question 62

Radiofrequency (RF) Coils are the --1-- of the MRI system. | What are 4 examples.

Answer 62

1. Antenna a. Surface Coils (simplest) b. Paired Saddle Coil (knee) c. Helmholtz Pair Coil (2 parallel coils) d. Bird Cage Coil (provides best RF homogeneity)

Question 63

--1-- are used to produce deliberate variations in main magnetic field (--2--).

Answer 63

1. Gradient Coils | 2. Bo

Question 64

Decreasing --1-- improves resolution.

Answer 64

FOV

Question 65

--1-- of all patients and employees is CRITICAL. | 3 examples.

Answer 65

1. Screening a. metals b. pacemakers c. implants

Question 66

--1-- detects subtle increases in blood flow associated with activation of parts of the brain.

Answer 66

fMRI (Functional MRI)

Question 67

Children are very prone to --1-- so cover them up when possible and only open --2-- as needed.

Answer 67

1. Hypothermia | 2. Isolettle/ Incubator

Question 68

Always record info in --1-- of someone stays in to hold child. 5 things.

Answer 68

1. Human Holder Log a. patient's name b. holder's name c. exam date/type d. pregnancy e. Pb info

Question 69

Pigg O Stat can hold infant for --1--. Can also use --2--.

Answer 69

1. CXR | 2. Mummy style immobilizer

Question 70

--1-- concerned with reducing pediatric radiation dose.

Answer 70

Image Gently Campaign

Question 71

If child abuse is suspected what 3 should be notified?

Answer 71

1. ER 2. Social Services 3. Physician

Question 72

--1--= often mistaken for child abuse; children suffer from multiple fractures. --2-- = later

Answer 72

1. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) | 2. Tarda

Question 73

Currently 1 out of 8 people are geriatric (--1--). Anticipate 1 out of 5 by --2--. Burdened by --3--.

Answer 73

1. Over 65 2. 2030 3. Chronic Disease

Question 74

--1--= overmedication from multiple prescriptions, should take all prescriptions to same pharmacy.

Answer 74

Polypharmacy

Question 75

--1-- of ppl over --2-- are that to have --3--.

Answer 75

1. 50% 2. 85 3. Alzheimer's Disease

Question 76

--1-- is a common issue with geriatric patients.

Answer 76

Depression

Question 77

--1-- voices are easier to hear.

Answer 77

Low pitched

Question 78

--1-- most popular after hip replacement so do NOT abduct operative leg.

Answer 78

Dislocation

Question 79

--1-- can form in 2 hours so check their position often.

Answer 79

Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore)

Question 80

1 out of --1-- seniors may experience abuse- report suspected abuse to what 3?

Answer 80

1. 20 a. ER b. social services c. physician