Final Review

Question 1

What are anions?

Answer 1

negatively charged ions

Cl-

Question 2

What are cations?

Answer 2

positively charged ions

Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

Question 3

treatment of hyperkalemia

Answer 3

frequently assess ECG results, promote movement of potassium out of cells, calcium administration to correct arrhythmias

Question 4

s/s of hypocalcemia

Answer 4

tetany, hyperexcitability of nerve and muscle fibres, muscle spasms and cramps

Question 5

electrolyte replacements

Answer 5

potassium chloride (KCl)
sodium chloride (NaCl)
calcium chloride (CaCl2)
magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)

Question 6

essential components of balanced coagulation

Answer 6

prothrombin
fibrinogen
adequate platelets
healthy blood vessel walls

Question 7

fibrinogen

Answer 7

protein, clotting factor

Question 8

fibrin

Answer 8

soluble fibre that serves as structure for clot formation

Question 9

possible causes of anemia

Answer 9

b12 deficiency
cancer
chronic disease
blood loss
infections
treatments causing bone marrow suppression

Question 10

medication for iron deficiency anemia

Answer 10

ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)

take w/ vitamin c
can use stool softener for constipation

Question 11

natural clotting promoter

Answer 11

vitamin K

overdose can cause prolonged bleeding

Question 12

special patient considerations for DDAVP

Answer 12

antidiuretic as nasal spray for bedwetting

Question 13

medication to treat excessive bleeding

Answer 13

aminocaproic acid (Amicar)

Question 14

medication to treat minor bleeding

Answer 14

thrombin powder

Question 15

anti-rheumatic drug

Answer 15

DMARDs (methotrexate)

Question 16

medications to treat gout

Answer 16

colchicine

allopurinol

Question 17

drug therapy for OA

Answer 17

corticosteroids
NSAIDs
analgesics

Question 18

tx for muscle spasm

Answer 18

muscle relaxation
pain relief
ability to exercise muscle
prevention of motion loss

Question 19

action of Flexeral

Answer 19

reduces muscle tone

eases muscle spasms

Question 20

action of diazepam

Answer 20

centrally acting antispasmodic eliminating contracture and cramps w/o affecting normal muscle activity

Question 21

mechanism of respiration

Answer 21

high CO2 levels alert medulla and pons to signal inspiration to respiratory muscles, allowing air to enter lungs; then O2 and CO2 is exchanged b/w lungs and blood cells

Question 22

oral decongestant agent

Answer 22

pseudoephedrine (Sudafed): for nasal and sinus congestion

can increase BP, cause arrhythmia

Question 23

natural decongestants

Answer 23

humidifier
hydration
raw onion
chili pepper
peppermint oil
citron oil
eucalyptus oil
nettle tea
orange
apple cider vinegar

Question 24

oral antihistamines (3) and their side effects

Answer 24

diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - drowsiness
loratadine (Claritin) - tachychardia
cetirizine (Reactin) - headache, drowsiness

Question 25

topical antihistamines

Answer 25

benadryl cream | hydrocortisone cream

Question 26

antitussives

Answer 26

narcotic: codeine | non-narcotic: Robitussin

Question 27

common bronchodilators and their characteristics

Answer 27

Atrovent: inhaler not for rapid response salbutamol (Ventolin): inhaler for ER, acts w/in 15 minutes, lasts 2-6 hours, can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding Flovent: steroid inhaler for prevention Spiriva: oral tablets, long-term action

Question 28

food and supplements to prevent respiratory tract infection

Answer 28

``` oregano echinacea ginger garlic green onion vitamin c vitamin d ```

Question 29

antianginal medication, action, and side effects

Answer 29

nitroglycerin: acts to expand coronary artery walls, increasing blood flow and oxygen to ease chest pain; headache, dizziness, hypotension, light headedness, GI upset

Question 30

antiarrhythmatic medication

Answer 30

beta blockers (block Na, K, and Ca channels)

Question 31

atrial arrhythmia medication

Answer 31

aminodarone: long-term use to keep treatment effective; | metal taste, skin sensitivity to light, low BP

Question 32

severe arrhythmia medicaiton

Answer 32

lidocaine injection: Na channel blocker, ER situations; | sedation, seizures, irritability, hypotension

Question 33

ventricular tachycardia medication

Answer 33

propanolol: any type of arrhythmia; | can trigger asthma attack, sleepiness, dizziness, GI upset

Question 34

medication to treat heart failure

Answer 34

digoxin

Question 35

chinese herb to treat cardiac failure

Answer 35

yang di huang ye

Question 36

beta blockers and their side effects

Answer 36

atenolol: bradychardia, low BP, skin rash metoprolol: bradychardia, low BP, skin rash, depression, disorientation

Question 37

When using a diuretic, which serum electrolyte level should be monitored?

Answer 37

potassium

Question 38

ACE inhibitors (2)

Answer 38

losartan (Cozaar) | valsartan (Diovan)

Question 39

antihypertensive causing dry cough

Answer 39

losartan (Cozaar)

Question 40

calcium channel blockers (2)

Answer 40

amlodipine (Norvasc) | felodipine

Question 41

side effects of felodipine

Answer 41

``` headache lower extremity edema hypotension skin rash dental discomfort ```

Question 42

vasopressor used in critical situations

Answer 42

dopamine

Question 43

drugs interfering w/ dopamine

Answer 43

psychotropic drugs

Question 44

antihyperlipidemic to clear LDL

Answer 44

atrovastatin (Lipitor) | flu-like sx, eyesight change, back pain, GI upset

Question 45

oral antibiotic for acne

Answer 45

doxycycline hyclate (Vibramicin)

Question 46

drug to treat burns

Answer 46

silver sulfadiazine

Question 47

turnover time from skin cell development to shedding

Answer 47

21 days