FINAL REVIEW 6-10 Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
What is medical anthropology?
A
- Subfield of anthropology that explores how health, illness, and medical practices are influenced by cultural, social, historical, and biological factors
- Understand how people experience and interpret health adn disease across diff. societies
- Cultural beliefs, health inequalities, global health, biomedicine as a cultural system
2
Q
What are the objects of study of medical anthropology?
A
- Western medicine is like a “culture” of biomedicine
- Other traditions of healing are forms of medical knowledge with valid techniques of care and cure
- Our understanding and experience of the body are not universal
3
Q
What role can anthropology play in addressing contemporary problems of health and illness, life, and death?
A
- Making structural violence visible
- Briding local and global perspectives
- Centering the voices of the poor
- Critiques of biomedical culture
- Paul Farmer’s work in Haiti
4
Q
Is there only one “medicine” and many “healing traditions”?
A
- NO
- “Medicine” is shaped and defined by culture, politics, and power
- Dismissing other systems as “unscientific” reflecting ethnocentrism
- Biomedicine is one of many medical systems, not the only legitimate one
5
Q
Can we think of western medicine as a cultural practice, as well as think of faith healing or shanism as different kinds of medicine?
A
- Western medicine as a culture emphazies body separate from mind as pure biology
- Other cultures of medicine emphasize illness being socially condition and health may mean being in close contact with the spirits
6
Q
What was the relationship between western medicine and the colonies?
A
- Science and medicine used as tools of imperial conquest
- Colonial time: learning local traditions, governing, scientific experiments, mediation
- Central in shaping public health strategies
- Assuring the health of local popularions as a means of productive labor
- Health was in the interest of colonial powers
7
Q
What are some assumptions at the heart of Western medicine?
A
- Biomedicine was made in the “west” and then exported to the “rest” at the expense of local traditional healing
- Disease is fundamentally and exclusively biological
- Idea that biomedicine is free of culture
8
Q
What are some social determinants of health?
A
- Social class, living conditions, legal status, environment, gender inequalities, language barriers, stress, discrimination and racism
- Economic and social conditions–and their distribution amon the population–that influence individual and group differences in health status
9
Q
Is cultural difference enough to understand different access to health and different ways of approaching illness?
A
- No
- Health beliefs and practices are different between cultures in understanding illnesses
- Culture can’t explain structural factors
- Focusing on culture may limit our understanding of health
- Necessary but we also need social determinants, structural violence, historical context, and power relations
10
Q
What is ethnocentrism?
A
- Uses the yardstick of one’s own culture to meaasure others
- “Other cultures” lack something
11
Q
What are the main themes of Lissa?
A
- Friendship
- Different medical systems and experiences
- Critique of western medicine
- Relationship between health and political contexts
12
Q
What is structural violence?
A
- Form of violence based on systemic ways in which a given social structure or institution harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
- Build on the functioning of impoersonal systems and applied to whole classes of people without regard to the characteristics of any individual case
- Looks at both individual experience and the larger social context in which it is embedded
13
Q
What is meant by the “embodiment of inequality”?
A
- Social disparities manifest physically in people’s bodies and lived experiences
- Farmer explores the ways in which social structures harm individuals and how structural violence leads to disparities in healthcare access and disease prevalence
14
Q
How does structural violence influence people’s lives and impact their health?
A
- Life spans are reduced when people are socially dominated, politically oppressed, or economically exploited
- Unequal access to health care
- Exposure to risky living conditions
- Limited education
- Barriers to choice and agency
15
Q
What is Paul Farmer’s work “On Suffering and Structural Violence” about?
A
- Structural violence - social structures that stop individuals, groups, and societies from reaching their full potential
- Structural violence causes patterned suffering
- Historical and institutional processes that create and maintain inequality, often invisible or taken for granted
16
Q
In what ways can we think of medicine as a social science?
A
- Medicine helps shape policies that address social determinants of health
- Disparities in healthcare access and outcomes affect health
- Understanding how diseases spread often requires analyzing human behavior, social networks, and cultural practices
17
Q
What are different forms of institutionalized discrimination?
A
- Racism
- Classism
- Sexism
- Ethnocentrism
18
Q
What was the impact Hurrican Katrina had on disadvantaged populations?
A
- Individuals’ exit plans were largely determined by race and class
- Many people and comunities were abandoned during the Hurricane
- Poor are vulnerable to natural disasters and catastrophes because of political attitutde, racism, and entrenched poverty
- Disaster relief controlled by private companies
19
Q
What are some other examples of structural violence?
A
- HIV Epidemic
- Racism and Birth Weight
- Epidemiological studies
20
Q
What are key events that occur in the film Bending the Arc?
A
1980s: Farmer delivering healthcare in rural Haiti
1990s: PIH treating MDR-TB in Peru in poor patients
2000s: PIH getting antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDs in Rwanda and Haiti
21
Q
What are some main ideas illustrated in Bending the Arc?
A
- Reimagining global health equity throgh Partners In Health
- Emphasize that quality healthcare should be a human right
- Structural violence
- Critique of traditional models of foreign aid
22
Q
What is anthropology’s understanding of the environment?
A
- Emphasize relationships between humans and their environments
- Environments are culturally constructed
- Environments are political and economic (colonialism, capitalism, and projects)
- Co-produced by humans and non-humans
23
Q
What is anthropology’s understanding of climate change?
A
- Climate change creates global threats that affect all aspects of human life
- Insights that can create workable solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change
- Climate change is a human problem
- Human actions and choices drive climate change
24
Q
What is meant by the Anthropocene? How is it a contested term?
A
- “The age of human”
- Term for a new geological epoch - period in which human activity has become the dominant force shaping climate, ecosystems, and geology
- Contested: not adopted by International Geology Commission, not all humans are equally at fault
25
How does climate change affect humans unequally around the world?
- Region - low income countries in certain latitudinal regions are vulnerable to climate impacts
- Wealth - richer nations can afford technologies to reduce effects
- Social Injustices - race, gender inequalities are amplified through climate change
26
How does climate change affect non-humans unequally around the world?
- Species vulnerability due to temperature and habitat change
- Habitat destruction
27
How do we relate to the climate, the environment, and our place as humans in the world?
- Perspective of structural violence
- Western: Human-nature divide
- Indigenous: Humans are part of nature and nature acts as a spiritual being/force
28
What is imporant to draw from the AAA Statements?
- Climate change intensifies underlying problems like poverty, food/water security, and armed conflict
- Climate refugees
- Challenge peoples' cultures and beliefs as their sense of safety and daily habits are undermined by an increasingly unpredictable relationships with their environment
29
What is imporant to draw form the Rubaii River reading?
- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Iraq
- Some context, rivers, mountains, hills, rocks, are considered earth beings
- Provide life and harbinger death
- Foundational to civilization
- Human relationships to nature in the context of war
- Destruction of environment as a form of structural violence
30
What are borders?
- Not just physical lines dividing countries but social, political, cultural, and symbolic constructions that shape how peple live, move, and identify
- Between nation-states, forms of care, ideals of victimhood, ideas of citizen
31
32
What effects do borders have on people's lives?
- Borders structure opportunity, restrict movement, shape identity, and often produce violence or exclusion
- Migrants often face physical danger/legal barriers and people may be trapped or separated from family
- Create legal inequality - borders determine who has rights and who is excluded
- Shape identity and belonging
- Reinforce global inequalities
- Affect health and wellbeing
33
What is citizenship? How is it related to the experience of borders and migration?
- Citizenship - rights and responsibilities
- Projects as forms of govermentality
- Citizenship is hierarchical
- Border define citizenship
- For many migrants they have to prove they want citizenship
- Different types of citizenship
34
What different kinds of "citizenship" are there?
- Legal Citizenship: Territoriality (US) and Bloodline/Inheritance (Italy)
- Confessional Citizenship
- Cultural Citizenship
- Therapeutic Citizenship
- Translated Citizenship
35
What is confessional citizenship?
- Rehabilitation programs for victims of human trafficking
- Communication with police stations and legal officials to file charges against exploiters
- Telling a vicitm story
- Denouncing your own part identity to become a new clean slate in the host society
36
What is cultural citizenship?
- Process of using culture as a kind of therapeutic tool in a different context
- Fanon Clinic - Joy
- Using one's own culture as a form of healing
- A migrant doesn't have to give up their own personal difference to belong to a new culture
- Belonging, ties, and connectivity
37
What does it mean to live in a "multicultural" society?
- Existing within a social context where multiple cultural groups coexist, interact, and shape public life
- Dynamic space of cultural interaction, negotiation, and occasionally conflict
- Participating in both shared and differentiated experiences of citizenship, community, and belonging
38
What is a "crisis"?
- Framing device used by states, media, and institutions to make certain events appear urgent
- Some things are highlighted as "critical" and "unprecendented"
- Others are left in the background, pushed to the side
- EU "Refugee Crisis"
39
What are the main themes of Terraferma?
- Migration
- Crossing borders
- Being undocumented
- Laws and customs
40
What forms of "structural violence" do you see at play in the film and the encounters between foreigners and Italians?
- Immigration laws that ciminalize assisting undocumented migrants
- Exclusion from basic rights and citizenship
- Economic marginalization
- Racialized policing and surveillance
41
In what ways is this form of violence in the film influencing their interactions, and the interactions among Italians themselves?
- Strained relationships between migrants and locals
- Unequal and silenced relationships
- Intergenerational and moral conflict between Italiands
- Economic resentment and social fragmentation
- Exposure to fear and suffering
42
What are the main points of the film?
- Conflict between legal obligations and moral imperatives
- Critique of inhuman and bureaucratic way Europe handles migration
- Border control
43
What does structural violence have to do with humanitarianism?
- Tension with each other
- Humanitarianism aims to alleviate suffering and protect vulnerable people
- Structural violence is the very system that creates and sustains that suffering in the first place
- Humanitarianism responds to the symptoms of structural violence (FARMER)
- Humanitarianism can reinforce structural violence
44
What is important to draw from Giordano "Practices of translation and the making of migrant subjectivities in contemporary Italy"?
- Intersection of translation, migration, and subjectivity in Italy
- Translation of cultural norms, trauma narratives, and personhood to fit insittutional logics
- Migrants are shaped by the ways their stories are elicited, translated, and evaluated
- Translators as cultural mediators
- Fieldwork in a theapeutic community
- Confessional vs. cultural citizenship
45
Main ideas of Catastrophes by Giordano
- Reflects on European refugee crisis
- Ways crisis, catastrophe, and humanitarianism are framed in EU
- "Catastrophe" - describe the arrival of refugees to Europe
- Implies a sudden, unpredictable disaster, which obscures the historical, political, and colonial processes that created the conditions forcing migrants to flee
46
Main ideas of Caribbean Roots of European Maritime Interdiction by Kahn
- Explores historical context of European strategies of border enforcement at sea
- Preventing asylum seekers from reaching sovereign territory
- Occurs in legal gray zones
47
Main ideas of Whats Wrong with Innocence by Ticktin
- Critique of how innocence is used as a moral frameowkr in humanitarian and political responses to the refugee crisis
- Humanitarian and media discourses to frame refugees as "innocent victims"
- Empathy is distributed unevenly
- Image of Alan Kurdi
48
Main ideas of Hot Spots by Fassin
- Hot spots - used by EU to designate locations were migrants and refugees are screened
- Used to manage popualtions into categories of worthiness
- Frames the crisis as geographically and administratively localized rather than a shared responsibility
