Final review Flashcards
1
Q
Cell walls are made of
A
cellulose
2
Q
Cellulose is a polymer of
A
glucose (sugar)
3
Q
Define rhizome
A
rootlike stem, stem which shoots out roots from its nodes
4
Q
The rhizome (underground stem) is useful for
A
water absorption
5
Q
The xylem is
A
Water-conducting tissue (thick-walled)
6
Q
Plants hold in water by having a
A
waxy skin
7
Q
Stomata are
A
pores, occuring in plant stems and leaves, used to control water loss and gaseous exchange through the cuticle
8
Q
The phloem is
A
Nutrient-conducting tissue (thin-walled)
9
Q
To grow tall, plants need
A
lignified tubes (lignin is commonly derived from wood)
10
Q
Define cutin
A
a waxy polymer used to protect spores
11
Q
Water-conducting, soda straw-like tubes
A
xylem
12
Q
An early land plant
A
Rhynia
13
Q
Body cell division
A
mitosis
14
Q
Sex cell division
A
meiosis
15
Q
Define gametes
A
sex cells (e.g. eggs and sperm)
16
Q
Haploid sperm and eggs unite to produce
A
diploid zygote
17
Q
In plants, spores are produced by a process called
A
meiosis
18
Q
A sporophyte is a
A
diploid spore-producing plant
19
Q
Haploid spores germinate and divide by
A
mitosis
20
Q
Germination is
A
the process by which plants, fungus and bacteria emerge from seeds and spores, and begin growth.
21
Q
A gametophyte is a
A
haploid gamete-producing plant
22
Q
Haploid eggs and sperm are made by a process called
A
mitosis
23
Q
A trilete mark is a
A
“Y”-shaped mark on spores
24
Q
Gemetophyte is
A
the portion of the plant life cycle producing sex cells (gametes)
25
Advantages of life in water
1) . Water provides a supporting protective medium that contains dissolved nutrients ad gases
2) . Water is less subjective to extremes of temperatures than air
3) . Water serves as a medium for motile phases of the life cycle
26
Disadvantages of life on land
1) . Subjective to lack of water (water stress)
2) . Greater seasonal and diurnal temperature change
3) . Susceptible to fluctuations in UV radiation
27
Define subaerial
Existing, occurring, or formed in the open air or on the Earth's surface, not than underwater or undergroud
28
What does it mean for the xylem to be lignified?
Thickened and strengthened by lignin, a type of organic compound
29
The sporophyte is
the spore-producing portion of the plant life cycle
30
What constitutes the woody tissue
xylem
31
Spores are produced in
sporangia ("spore sacs")
32
In higher plants, spores are always produced by
meiosis
33
Spores are haploid. This means that
they have one-half of the set of chromosomes that occurs in the body cells of the "adult" sporophyte plant
34
Trilete marks are a result of
spores being produced in groups of four by meiosis.
35
Haploid spores divide by
mitosis
36
Haploid spores divide by mitosis to produce
small gamete-producing plants (the gametophytes)
37
Because higher plant spores are haploid, and because the gametophyte is produced via mitotic growth, the gametophyte generation is
haploid
38
Fusion of the haploid gametes is called
syngamy
39
Gametes are units of
sexual reproduction
40
Spores are units of
asexual reproduction
41
Syngamy produces a
diploid zygote
42
The zygote produced via syngamy grows via
mitosis
43
As the zygote grows, it produces an embryo and, ultimately,
the diploid spore-producing (sporophyte) generation
44
Unlike Cooksonia (410 Ma), Rhynia (400 Ma) had both
a phloem for movement of nutrients as well as a xylem for water transport and supporting body cells (cortex).
45
The earliest land plant was
Cooksonia
46
The first true vascular terrestrial plant was
Rhynia
47
The earliest land plants (Cooksonia, Rhynia) are classified as
Rhyniophytina
48
Cooksonia, Aglaophyton and Rhynia did not have any
leaves
49
Zosterophyllum had leaves in the form of
small scale-like appendages to the stem
50
Sawdonia is part of the group
Zosterophyllophytina (390 Ma)
51
Microphylls are
"small" leaves
52
The Rhyniophytina had a stem that was
naked (no leaves)
53
The Zosterophyllophytina had a stem that had
spines (no ldaves)
54
The Lycophytina had a stem that had
microphylls (small leaves with central mid-vein)
55
The earliest plant with true leaves was the
asteroxylon (earliest lycophyte)
56
The xylem of asteroxylon was in the shape of
a star (asteroxylon = "star-wood")
57
The lycophytina had spore sacs on
the upper surface of leaves
58
The leaves of Lycophytina were arranged
spirally
59
The Lepidodendron (320 Ma), grouped as Lycophytina, was a
giant scale tree with spore cones and spirally arranged leaf bases
60
Give two examples of Rhyniophytina
Cooksonia and Rhynia
61
Give an example of a Zosterophyllophytina
Sawdonia
62
Give two examples of Lycophytina
Asteroxylon and Lepidodendron
63
What are two characteristics of Rhyniophytina?
Naked stems, no leaves
64
What are two characteristics of Zosterophyllophytina?
Spines on stems but no leaves
65
What is one characteristic of the Lycophytina?
Microphylls ("small leaves") with central mid-vein
66
What is the earliest Lycophyte?
Asteroxylon
67
Stigmaria are
the roots of Lepidodendrons
68
Distinguish between nodes and internodes of Horsetails (Equisetum)
Nodes are spirals from which branches protrude, internodes are the spaces between the spirals
69
Horsetails are part of which group?
Sphenophytina
70
Give one example of a Sphenophyte
Calamites (ancient horsetail)
71
Define megaphylls
"Big leaves"
72
The spore sacs of modern fern leaves are located at
the leaf margin (leaf end)
73
The earliest seed plants were
seed ferns
74
The "missing link" between spore and seed plants were
seed ferns, which had leaves like ferns but seeds, not spores.
75
What is considered to be the link from spore plants (ferns) to all later seed plants?
Seed ferns (regular ferns reproduce using spores)!
76
Name 2 things that ferns lack
Flowers and seeds (ferns reproduce using spores)
77
Who first noted the fit of South America and Africa?
Francis Bacon (1620)
78
Who formally proposed continental drift (movement of Earth's continents relative to each other)?
Alfred Wegener (1922)
79
Dicot leaves are those with
branching veins.
80
Monocot leaves are those with
parallel veins (e.g. corn, palms).
81
The epidermis of early land plants is their
waxy skin.
82
Diploid body cells divide by
mitosis (keyword: body cells)
83
A diploid spore-producing plant is called a
sporophyte.
84
Haploid eggs and sperm in plants are produced by a process called
mitosis.
85
Trilete marks are produced on which surface of s spore?
Inner surface
86
To reproduce, spores require
water.
87
Arrange the following primitive land plants in order of their successive sequence: Zosterophyllophytina, Lycophytina, Rhyniophytina.
Rhyniophytina -> Zosterophyllophytina -> Lycophytina
88
The Paleozoic spore plants included
1) . Scale trees
2) . Horsetails
3) . Ferns
89
Ferns reproduce by spreading
spores.
90
Megaphylls originated when Rhyniophyte V-branching developed
umbrella-like webbing.
91
Sporangia are the
spore sacs.
92
In ferns, where are the spore sacs located?
At the leaf margins
93
"Naked seed" plants are called
gymnosperms.
94
Describe the earliest seed plants.
Seed ferns. They had leaves like ferns but seeds, not spores.
95
Ferns are linked to seed plants through
seed ferns.
96
The seeds of seed ferns are located at
the leaf mid-veins.
97
Mesozoic seed plants include
seed ferns, cycads, Ginkgo, and conifers.
98
"Protected seed" plants are called
angiosperms.
99
Animals without backbones date from the
Cambrian explosion
100
When did the Cambrian explosion occur?
570-530 Ma ago.
101
Summarize the phylogenetic tree
Protists and sponges -> Lower invertebrates (jelly fish, flatworms) => Path divides -> 1). Insects 2). Humans
102
Describe protists
Unicellular eukaryotes
103
What are protozoans?
Non-photosynthetic protists
104
In the phylogenetic tree, sponges are termed
porifera.
105
In sponges, spicules serve to provide
shape.
106
In the phylogenetic tree, all animals belong to the class
metazoa.
107
In the phylogenetic tree, all animals except sponges are termed
eumetazoa.
108
How many cells layers are in the tissues of coelenterates?
Two (ectoderm, endoderm).
109
Coelenterates include
corals, jellyfish.
110
How many cell layers are in the tissues and organs of Bilateria?
Three
111
Bilateria include
flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates, brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks.
112
What are the earliest bilaterians?
Flatworms
113
latyhelmenthes are the
flatworms.
114
The primary characteristic of acoelomates is
a body composed of slid tissue (no coelom).
115
A coelom is
the main body cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract.
116
Eumetazoans that lack coeloms are called
Acoelomates
117
The term brachiopod means
"arm-foot" (for anchoring)
118
A pedicle is a
fleshy "arm-foot".
119
A lophophore is a
leaf rake-shaped feeding apparatus.
120
Bryozoans are
fan-shaped colonies of tiny animals with lophophores for feeding,
121
The term pelecypod means
"axe-foot" (clams)
122
Molluscs include which 3 groups?
1) . Pelecypods
2) . Gastropods
3) . Cephalopods
123
The term gastropod means
"stomach-foot" (snails)
124
The term cephalopod means
"head-foot" (squids).
125
Which group has a septum?
Cephalopod
126
Relations among the many kinds of metazoans include:
1) . rRNA Tree of Life
2) . Embryos, larvae
3) . Adult tissues, form
127
Name two species of lower invertebrates
Jellyfish, flatworms
128
Platyhelmenthes are commonly known as
flatworms.
129
Why do coeloms matter?
Coelomates can burrow = improved feeding.
130
Name a modern Annelid
1). Earth worm
131
List 2 characteristics of Annelids
1) . Segmented body
| 2) . No legs
132
List 2 characteristics of Arthropods
1) . Segmented body
| 2) . Legs
133
What do Arthropods have that Annelids do not have?
Legs
134
The term arthropod means
"jointed-foot"
135
What are the index fossils for the Paleozoic era?
Trilobites
136
Compound eyes are a characteristic of all
Arthropods.
137
The left branch of the phylogenetic tree includes all
Protostome coelomates
138
The term protostome means
"first-mouth".
139
Define the term "blastopore"
Opening in hollow ball of cells formed early in embryonic development.
140
Protostomes are
animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth
141
List several protostomes
flatworms, brachiopods, annelids, arthropods.
142
The right branch of the phylogenetic tree includes all
deuterostome coelomates.
143
The term "deuterostome" means
"second mouth".
144
The blastopore in protostomes becomes the
mouth.
145
The blastopore in deuterostomes becomes the
anus.
146
Name several deuterostomes
echinoderms, chordates.
147
The term "echinoderms" means
"spiny-skinned".
148
List two characteristics of echinoderms
1) . 5-point radial symmetry
| 2) . Tube feet
149
List several echinoderms
sea-stars, sea urchins, sand dollars.
150
A crinoid is a
sea-lilly
151
Chordates are deuterostome animals possessing which 3 things?
1) . Gill slits
2) . Notochord
3) . Dorsal nerve chord
152
What is a notochord?
A lengthwise flexible rod, provides support in vertebrate embryos.
153
Homologous organs, structures, and biochemistry are those which
have same or similar function, same evolutionary derivation.
154
List an example of a homologous trait
Bird vs. bat wing (same evolutionary derivation)
155
Analogous organs, structures, and biochemistry are those which
have same or similar function, but a different evolutionary derivation.
156
List an example of an analogous trait
Bird wing vs. insect wing (e.g. butterfly wing, which has veins)
157
List the sequence of vertebrate evolution
Fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> birds and mammals
158
List an ectothermic group of animals
fish
159
Amphibians are considered to be semi-terrestrial because
they rely on water for reproduction.
160
Like fish, amphibians are
ectotherms.
161
An amniote egg is a
yolk-bearing hard-shelled egg of reptiles and birds.
162
Describe reptiles
terrestrial, amniote tetrapods, majority are ectotherms
163
Name several reptiles
Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs.
164
Describe the evolution of birds
Dinosaurs -> Archaeopteryx (feathers = modified reptilian scales) -> Modern birds (fused fingers, teeth lost, short tail)
165
The earliest fossil bird is the
Archaeopteryx
166
List the reptilian features of the Archaeopteryx
toothed beak, wing claw, long tail with many vertebrae
167
List the avian character of the Archaeopteryx
airfoil wing with contour feathers.
168
List the characteristics of mammals
Terrestrial, aquatic, and flying endotherms; milk; hair (modified scales)
169
When did mammals arise?
Early in the Mesozoic
170
Name the meteor which wiped out forests 65 Ma
Yucatan meteorite
171
When did placental mammals come about?
65 Ma
172
The Cenozoic is the age of
mammals.
