Final Review Flashcards by Ashley Blacher

In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?

a. Religions have a complex and integrated set of norms.
b. Religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values.
c. Religions often meet several basic needs.
d. All of the above

All of the above

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A cultural universal is something that:

a. addresses all aspects of a group’s behavior
b. is found in all cultures
c. is based on social norms
d. may or may not be of value in meeting social needs

Is found in all cultures

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Which of the main theoretical perspectives would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual’s sense of support and well-being?

a. Functionalism
b. Symbolic interactionism
c. Conflict theory
d. Feminism

Symbolic interactionism

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Which perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps keep the social system running smoothly?

a. Functional perspective
b. Symbolic interactionist perspective
c. Conflict perspective
d. Feminist perspective

Functional perspective

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Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?

a. Functional
b. Symbolic interactionist
c. Conflict theory
d. Feminist perspective

Conflict theory

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Which of the following do the functionalist and conflict perspectives share?

a. Position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms
b. Emphasis on religion as providing social support
c. Belief that religion helps explain the mysteries of life
d. None of the above

Position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms

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The Protestant work ethic was viewed in terms of its relationship to:

a. evolution and natural selection
b. capitalism
c. determinism
d. prejudice and discrimination

Capitalism

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What are some denominations of the Christian Protestant church?

a. Catholic and Jewish
b. Jehovah’s Witnesses and Presbyterians
c. Scientology and Hare Krishna
d. Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist

Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist

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A sect:

a. has generally grown so large that it needs new buildings and multiple leaders
b. often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important fundamentals
c. is another term for a cult
d. All of the above

often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important

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The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:

a. the number of followers or believers is much larger for denominations
b. the geographical location varies for ecclesia versus denominations
c. ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion
d. there are no important differences; the terms are interchangeable

ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion

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Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults include:

a. Scientology and the Hare Krishna
b. the Peoples Temple and Heaven’s Gate
c. the Branch Davidians and the Manson Family
d. Quakers and Pentecostals

Scientology and the Hare Krishna

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In what part of the world have Confucianism and Taoism been primarily practiced?

a. India
b. Europe
c. China
d. The Middle East

China

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Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:

a. referred to as the Apocrypha
b. oral traditions only because Judaism has no sacred text
c. shared by Christianity and Islam
d. no longer part of the Torah

shared by Christianity and Islam

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What do Christianity and Islam have in common?

a. Both believe in a single supreme god.
b. Both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts.
c. Both believe in an afterlife.
d. All of the above

All of the above

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Social scientists refer to the use of a church to combat social injustice in the political realm as:

a. the protestant work ethic
b. conflict management
c. liberation theology
d. justice work

liberation theology

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Megachurches tend to have:

a. a variety of male and female clergy
b. numerous buildings in which to meet
c. high attendance for only a limited time
d. large arenas where services are held

large arenas where services are held

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What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world?

a. Resources and money
b. Student interest
c. Teacher interest
d. Transportation

Resources and money

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What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?

a. They are all in Asia.
b. They recruit top teachers.
c. They spend more money per student.
d. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms.

They recruit top teachers.

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Informal education _________________.

a. describes when students teach their peers
b. refers to the learning of cultural norms
c. only takes place at home
d. relies on a planned instructional process

refers to the learning of cultural norms

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Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________.

a. cultural transmission
b. educational access
c. formal education
d. informal education

cultural transmission

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The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for __________.

a. access to education
b. average spending on students
c. desegregation of schools
d. teacher salary

access to education

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Which of the following is not a manifest function of education?

a. Cultural innovation
b. Courtship
c. Social placement
d. Socialization

Courtship

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Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________.

a. cultural innovation
b. social control
c. social placement
d. socialization

social placement

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Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo?

a. Conflict theory
b. Feminist theory
c. Functionalist theory
d. Symbolic interactionism

Conflict theory

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Which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionism

What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? a. Hidden curriculum b. Labeling c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Tracking

Tracking

Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of _________. a. families b. society c. the individual d. all of the above

all of the above

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________. a. a latent function b. a manifest function c. informal education d. transmission of moral education

transmission of moral education

What term describes the separation of students based on merit? a. Cultural transmission b. Social control c. Sorting d. Hidden curriculum

Sorting

Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ________. a. challenge gifted students b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status c. help students who need additional support d. teach respect for authority

perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status

Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why? a. They are scored in a way that is subject to human error. b. They do not give children with learning disabilities a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence. c. They don’t involve enough test items to cover multiple intelligences. d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.

They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.

Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that _____________. a. racial segregation in schools was allowed b. separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional c. students do not have a right to free speech in public schools d. students have a right to free speech in public schools

racial segregation in schools was allowed

Public schools must guarantee that ___________. a. all students graduate from high school b. all students receive an equal education c. per-student spending is equitable d. the amount spent on each student is equal to that spent regionally

per-student spending is equitable

Key predictors for student success include ____________. a. how many school-age siblings the student has b. socioeconomic status and family background c. the age of the student when she or he enters kindergarten d. how many students attend the school

socioeconomic status and family background

Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________. a. affirmative action b. social control c. social promotion d. socialization

social promotion

Which statement best expresses the difference between power and authority? a. Authority involves intimidation. b. Authority is more subtle than power. c. Authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power. d. Authority is inherited, but power is seized by military force.

Authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power.

Which of the following types of authority does not reside primarily in a leader? a. Dictatorial b. Traditional c. Charismatic d. Legal-rational

Legal-rational

In the U.S. Senate, it is customary to assign each senator a seniority ranking based on years of government service and the population of the state he or she represents. A top ranking gives the senator priority for assignments to office space, committee chair positions, and seating on the senate floor. What type of authority does this example best illustrate? a. Dictatorial b. Traditional c. Charismatic d. Legal-rational

Traditional

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used his public speaking abilities and magnetism to inspire African Americans to stand up against injustice in an extremely hostile environment. He is an example of a(n) __________ leader. a. traditional b. charismatic c. legal-rational d. illegitimate

charismatic

Which current world figure has the least amount of political power? a. President Barack Obama b. Queen Elizabeth II c. British Prime Minister David Cameron d. North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un

Queen Elizabeth II

Which statement best expresses why there have been so few charismatic female leaders throughout history? a. Women have different leadership styles than men. b. Women are not interested in leading at all. c. Few women have had the opportunity to hold leadership roles over the courseof history. d. Male historians have refused to acknowledge the contributions of female leaders in their records.

Few women have had the opportunity to hold leadership roles over the courseof history.

Many constitutional monarchies started out as: a. oligarchies b. absolute monarchies c. dictatorships d. democracies

absolute monarchies

Which nation is an absolute monarchy? a. Oman b. Great Britain c. Denmark d. Australia

Oman

Which of the following present and former government leaders is generally considered a dictator? a. David Cameron b. Barack Obama c. Qaboos bin Said Al Said d. Kim Jong-Un

Kim Jong-Un

A(n) _________________ is an extremely oppressive government that seeks to control all aspects of its citizens’ lives. a. oligarchy b. totalitarian dictatorship c. anarchy d. absolute monarchy

totalitarian dictatorship

Which is not a characteristic of a democracy? a. People vote to elect officials. b. A king or queen holds the majority of governmental control. c. One goal of this type of government is to protect citizens’ basic rights. d. A constitution typically outlines the foundational ideas of how this government should operate.

A king or queen holds the majority of governmental control.

Which statement best expresses why the United States is not a true democracy? a. Many politicians are corrupt. b. Special-interest groups fund political campaigns. c. Citizens elect representatives who vote on their behalf to make policy. d. Ancient Greece was the only true democracy.

Citizens elect representatives who vote on their behalf to make policy.

In the past, Southern states discouraged African Americans from voting by requiring them to take a _____________________ test. a. blood b. literacy c. lie detector d. citizenship

literacy

Which president signed the Voting Rights Act? a. Lyndon Johnson b. John F. Kennedy Jr. c. Barack Obama d. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Lyndon Johnson

Which factor does not influence voting practices? a. Race b. Social class c. Ethnicity d. Voting booths

Voting booths

The U.S. Supreme Court case _________________ led to the revision of voting districts to account for differences in population density. a. Roe v. Wade b. Reynolds v. Sims c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Marbury v. Madison

Reynolds v. Sims

Which statement best explains the meaning of “one person, one vote”? a. One person should not be allowed to vote twice. b. A voter deserves one chance to vote. c. A voter should vote only once a year. d. All people's votes should count equally.

All people's votes should count equally.

Which concept corresponds best to functionalism? a. Happiness b. Interdependence c. Revolution d. Symbolism

Interdependence

Which sociologist is not associated with conflict theory? a. C. Wright Mills b. G. William Bomhoff c. Karl Marx d. George H. Mead

George H. Mead

Karl Marx believed social structures evolve through: a. supply and demand b. enlightenment c. conflict d. cooperation

conflict

The Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street protests, and the Tea Party movement have the following in common: a. They sought to destroy central government. b. They are examples of conflict theory in action. c. They can only occur in a representative democracy. d. They used violence as the means of achieving their goals.

They are examples of conflict theory in action.

Which is not one of functionalism’s four main purposes of government? a. Maintaining law and order b. Meeting social needs c. Equally distributing resources d. Planning and directing society

Equally distributing resources

Sociologist G. William Domhoff’s Who Rules America? asserts that wealth is often necessary to exert the most influence over social and political systems. This is a ____ perspective. a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. feminist

conflict theory

Which of the following paradigms would consider movements such as Occupy Wall Street undesirable and unnecessarily forcing social change? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Feminism d. Conflict theory

Functionalism

Which of these is an example of a commodity? a. A restaurant meal b. Corn c. A college lecture d. A book, blog entry, or magazine article

Corn

When did the first economies begin to develop? a. When all the hunter-gatherers died b. When money was invented c. When people began to grow crops and domesticate animals d. When the first cities were built

When people began to grow crops and domesticate animals

What is the most important commodity in a postindustrial society? a. Electricity b. Money c. Information d. Computers

Information

In which sector of an economy would someone working as a software developer be? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

Quaternary

Which is an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges? a. Capitalism b. Communism c. Mercantilism d. Mutualism

Mercantilism

Who was the leading theorist on the development of socialism? a. Karl Marx b. Heidimarie Schwerer c. Émile Durkheim d. Adam Smith

Karl Marx

The type of socialism now carried on by Russia is a form of ______ socialism. a. centrally planned b. market c. utopian d. zero-sum

market

Among the reasons socialism never developed into a political movement in the United States was that trade unions _________. a. secured workers’ rights b. guaranteed health care c. broke up monopolies d. diversified the workforce

secured workers’ rights

Which country serves as an example of convergence? a. Singapore b. North Korea c. England d. Canada

Singapore

Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. Now, Ben is very anti-immigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his job. Ben might be experiencing _____________. a. xenophobia b. global commodity chains c. xenophile d. global assembly line

xenophobia

Which of the following is not an aspect of globalization? a. Integrating governments through international trade b. Integrating cultures through international trade c. Integrating finance through international trade d. Integrating child care through international trade

Integrating child care through international trade

One reason critics oppose globalization is that it: a. has positive impacts on world trade b. has negative impacts on the environment c. concentrates wealth in the poorest countries d. has negative impacts on political stability

has negative impacts on the environment

All of the following are characteristics of global cities, except: a. headquarter multinational corporations b. exercise significant international political influence c. host headquarters of international NGOs d. host influential philosophers

host influential philosophers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of multinational corporations? a. A large share of their capital is collected from a variety of nationalities. b. Their business is conducted without regard to national borders. c. They concentrate wealth in the hands of core nations. d. They are headquartered primarily in the United States.

They are headquartered primarily in the United States.

Which is evidence that the United States workforce is largely a meritocracy? a. Job opportunities are increasing for highly skilled jobs. b. Job opportunities are decreasing for midlevel jobs. c. Highly skilled jobs pay better than low-skill jobs. d. Women tend to make less than men do for the same job.

Highly skilled jobs pay better than low-skill jobs.

If someone does not earn enough money to pay for the essentials of life he or she is said to be _____ poor. a. absolutely b. essentially c. really d. working

Absolutely

About what percentage of the workforce in the United States are legal immigrants? a. Less than 1% b. 1% c. 16% d. 66%

16%

Who determines which illnesses are stigmatized? a. Therapists b. The patients themselves c. Society d. All of the above

Society

Chronic fatigue syndrome is an example of _______________. a. a stigmatized disease b. a contested illness c. a disability d. demedicalization

a contested illness

The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is an example of ________________ a. the social construction of health b. medicalization c. disability accommodations d. a contested illness

the social construction of health

What is social epidemiology? a. The study of why some diseases are stigmatized and others are not b. The study of why diseases spread c. The study of the mental health of a society d. The study of the causes and distribution of diseases

The study of the causes and distribution of diseases

Core nations are also known as __________________ a. high-income nations b. newly industrialized nations c. low-income nations d. developing nations

high-income nations

Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to __________________ a. lung cancer b. obesity c. mental illness d. lack of clean water

obesity

According to the World Health Organization, what was the most frequent cause of death for children under five in low-income countries? a. Starvation b. Thirst c. Pneumonia and diarrheal diseases d. All of the above

Pneumonia and diarrheal diseases

Which of the following statements is not true? a. The life expectancy of black males in the United States is approximately five years shorter than for white males. b. The infant mortality rate for blacks in the United States is almost double than it is for white. c. Blacks have lower cancer rates than whites. d. Hispanics have worse access to care than non-Hispanic whites.

Blacks have lower cancer rates than whites.

The process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy is called: a. deviance b. medicalization c. demedicalization d. intersection theory

medicalization

What are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States? a. ADHD b. Mood disorders c. Autism spectrum disorders d. Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders

Sidewalk ramps and Braille signs are examples of _______________. a. disabilities b. accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act c. forms of accessibility for people with disabilities d. both b and c

both b and c

The high unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of ____________. a. medicalization b. obesity c. stigmatization d. all of the above

stigmatization

Which public healthcare system offers insurance primarily to people over sixty-five years old? a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Veterans Health Administration d. All of the above

Medicare

Which program is an example of socialized medicine? a. Canada’s system b. The United States’ Veterans Health Administration c. The United States’ new system under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act d. Medicaid

The United States’ Veterans Health Administration

What does the individual mandate provision of the 2010 U.S. healthcare reform do? a. Requires everyone to buy insurance from the government b. Requires everyone to sign up for Medicaid c. Requires everyone to have insurance or pay a penalty d. None of the above

Requires everyone to have insurance or pay a penalty

Great Britain’s healthcare system is an example of ______________ a. socialized medicine b. private healthcare c. single-payer private healthcare d. universal private healthcare

socialized medicine

What group created the Millennium Development Goals? a. UNICEF b. The Kaiser Family Foundation c. Doctors Without Borders d. The World Health Organization

The World Health Organization

Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective? a. The sick person is not responsible for his condition. b. The sick person must try to get better. c. The sick person can take as long as she wants to get better. d. The sick person is exempt from the normal duties of society.

The sick person can take as long as she wants to get better.

The class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the _____________ perspective. a. conflict b. interactionist c. functionalist d. all of the above

conflict

The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ____________. a. medicalization b. deviance c. interactionist theory d. demedicalization

demedicalization

Final Review Flashcards

(96 cards)