final revision - everything Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What % of the population did the First Estate make up?
A
0.1%
2
Q
What % of society was Catholic under the Ancien Regime?
A
97%
3
Q
What is it called when a bishop took on two areas?
A
Pluralism
4
Q
What is it called when a bishop didn’t attend to an area?
A
Absenteeism
5
Q
What % of the population did the Second Estate make up?
A
5%
6
Q
How many members of the nobility (second estate) were there?
A
200,000 - 400,000
7
Q
What was Noblesse d’epee?
A
People born into their title, who lived in Versailles (Second Estate)
8
Q
What were Noblesse de robe?
A
People who purchased their jobs from the King and didn’t pay tax (Second Estate)
9
Q
What were sparrow hawks?
A
impoverished noblesse d’epee
10
Q
What percentage of France were peasants?
A
90%
11
Q
What was the Taille?
A
People tax
12
Q
What was the Vingtieme?
A
Income tax
13
Q
What was the Aides?
A
Drink tax
14
Q
What was the Gabelle?
A
Salt tax
15
Q
What was the Tithe?
A
Church tax - 10% of income
16
Q
What is Venality?
A
Nobles buying their titles to become Noblesse de robe
17
Q
What were intendants?
A
Royal representatives who travelled around France to collect taxes
18
Q
What is the Lettre de Catchet?
A
King can arrest anyone without notice
19
Q
What is a Remonstrance?
A
When parlement is able to block the kings laws
20
Q
What is a Lit de Justice?
A
King can overturn a remonstrance by laying down
21
Q
What did Rousseau believe in?
A
Argued that all men are born free and the government should protect them
22
Q
What book did Rousseau write?
A
The Social Contract
23
Q
What did Voltaire criticise?
A
The Church
24
Q
What book did Voltaire write?
A
Candide
25
What did Montesquieu believe in?
Separation of Powers
26
What book did Montesquieu write?
Spirit of Laws
27
What were the three philosophes called?
- Rousseau
- Voltaire
- Montesquieu
28
What did Libelles do?
Politicise the third estate through pamphlets
29
Who tried to censor the philosophes, and how did they get around it?
Govt + Church
Philosophes disguised it as fiction
30
How many different units of measurement were there before 1789
25,000
31
What was the Don Gratuit?
First Estate economic privileges
32
How much was the French deficit?
126 million livres / year
33
What was a Salon?
When the estates come together to discuss the govt based on enlightenment
34
Name an owner of a Salon
Madame Geoffrin
35
How many total Parlements were there?
13
36
What was the Controller General in charge of?
Finances
37
What was the literacy rate in France?
60%
38
What was the Diamond Necklace affair?
Marie Antionette was accused of stealing one
39
How much did the American War of Independence cost?
1.3 billion livres
40
How much was spent per year on military?
136 million
41
Who were the three finance ministers of France?
- Necker
- Calonne
- Turgot
42
What did Necker do?
Introduce land tax, reduce royal spending
43
What did Calonne do?
Abolish the corvee, reduce spending, introduce land tax
44
When was the rubber stamp called?
February 1787
45
What did Turgot do?
Introduce land tax, lit de justice
46
When/Where was the Day of Tiles, and how many were involved?
- 7th June 1788
- Grenoble
- 300-400 workers involved
47
When did France declare bankruptcy?
16th August 1788
48
When was the first time Louis agreed to an Estates General?
19th-20th November 1787
49
When was the second time Louis agreed to an Estates General?
26th August 1788
50
What was the Revellion Riot? (+ when)
Rumours of wage cuts and riots erupted at the wall paper factory in Paris (April 1789)
51
What is voting by head?
Each representative gets one vote (300 for 1st 2nd, 600 for 3rd)
52
What is voting by estate?
Every estate gets 1 vote
53
When was the Tennis Court Oath?
20th June 1789
54
When were the August Decrees?
4th-10th August 1789
55
What happened at the August Decrees?
Corvee was abolished, equal taxes for everyone, no more estates system, venality abolished
56
When was the Storming of Bastille?
14th July 1789
57
What happened at the storming of bastille?
A royal fortress was stormed and torn down by the menu people in response to Louis firing Necker and surrounding Paris with 20k guards
58
When was the Grande Peur?
20th July 1789
59
What happened during the Grande Peur?
People started to disobey Louis and only listen to the National Assembly
60
When were the October Days?
5th October 1789
61
What happened during the October Days?
French people marched Louis to the Tuileries and kept him as a de facto prisoner
62
What was the Bien Nationaux?
the land which was nationalised from the church to deal with fiscal issues
63
What was Marat's newspaper
L'ami du peuple
64
When was the declaration of the rights of man?
1789
65
How many bishops swore the oath to the civil constitution of the clergy?
How much of the parish clergy swore the oath?
7/160 bishops
55% --> 45% were refractory priests
66
How did Louis' suspensive veto work?
King could veto laws for up to 4 years - govt changed every 2 years
67
What was an active citizen?
Someone who pays a certain amount of tax to be able to vote
68
What was a Livret?
Workers logbook - boss had to sign it before you could change jobs
69
What was the Chapelier law?
Banned strikes in Paris
70
What was the Day of Daggers?
People raided the Tuilleries with daggers
71
What caused the Storming of Bastille?
- Necker fired
- 30k troops surround paris
- economic problems: Bread 80% of wages --> raises to 88%
72
What were the causes of the Grande Peur?
- inspired by bastille
- rumour of nobles attacking 3rd estate + grain hoarding
- economic issues with food harvests and grain hoarding
73
What were the causes of the October days?
- Rumours that Louis was disrespecting the revolution + the poor
- Louis didn't accept the August Decrees
- Economic issues: Bread prices out of control
74
When is the Flight to Varennes?
20th/21st June 1789
75
What was the Pilnitz declaration (and when)
1st August 1791
Austria's war threats not seen as a threat
76
when did france go to war with austria
april 1792
77
What was the Journee 10th August
- Louis loses his role of king
- Active and Passive citizens abolished
77
What was the September Massacres
3 day massacre starting 2nd september
78
What were the enrages?
March 1793: people upset about food prices
79
When was the expulsion of girondins?
26th may 1793
80
What were the different types of terror?
Religious terror
Political terror
Provincial terror
81
How did Robespierre carry out Religious terror?
- Dechristianisation
- Churches closed with bells removed
- Notre Dame turned into the Temple of Reason
82
How did Robespierre carry out Political terror?
- Oct 1793: CPS suspend constitution
- Law of 22nd Priarial
- June and July over 1200 executed --> 16,600 total
83
How did Robespierre carry out Provincial terror?
Massacres in revolting regions
- 2000 killed in Angers
- Noyades in Vandee (sinking them)
84
What was the Law of 22nd Priarial
Trials were reduced to 3 days
85
What was the Levee en Masse
EVERYONE conscripted
86
How many were killed during the terror?
40,000 - 50,000
87
What was the Law of Maximum?
Capped food prices
88
What was the Journee 5th September
Sans Culottes demanded lower food prices
89
What was Robespierres religion called?
Cult of Supreme Being
90
What was the White Terror
royalist rebellion against those who had benefitted from the revolution by those who had suffered from it
91
when was the germinal rising and what happened?
1st April 1795
10k sans culottes demanded bread and the release of jacobin prisoners
92
when was the rising of prairial and what happened?
20th / 21st may 1795
sans culottes demanded bread
93
when was the rising of vendemiaire and what happened?
5th october 1795
monarchists believed the plebiscite was rigged - 25k marched on convention, napoleon with 5k troops fired on them and they fled, making him a hero
94
What was the Law of Suspects?
Allowed CPS to target enemies of the republic and revolution
95
Problems with the directory between 1795-99
- Yearly elections - promotes instability
- 1/3 change every month
96
what was the coup of fructidor?
removal of right-wing deputies from the council of 500
97
what was the coup of floreal?
removal of left-wing deputies from the council of 500
98
what was the bloodless coup?
coup of floreal
99
what is the conspiracy of equals also known as
the babeuf plot
100
what changed under the first consul?
1/5 of the legislature were replaced annually
101
what and when was the brumaire plot
a coup headed by sieyez to bring down the directory - 1799
102
How much did Napoleon reduce newspapers in Paris by?
73 --> 13 --> 4
103
How many legion of honour awards were awarded (and how many to civilians)
32,000 awarded
1,500 to civilians
104
What was the military police called under Napoleon?
Gendarmerie
105
What did the Organic Articles state?
- All priests had to be French
- Papal law had to be approved by France
- Religious toleration of 700,000 Protestants and 40,000 Jews
106
What were the Lines of torres Vedras?
Series of forts and earthwork defences through Portugal
107
Why did Alexander break his agreement with Napoleon?
- Napoleons choice of wife (Austrian, not Russian)
- Oldenburg annexed
- desire for Russian expansion
- Continental system
108
What was partage in inheritance law?
Provided credit for government and entrepreneurs
109
How many soldiers survived the Russian compaign?
650,000 went in - 10,000 survived, with only 1,000 fit for further service
110
What was the treaty of Fontainebleu?
- Napoleon gives up the throne
- Keeps the title of Emperor
- £200,000 a year
- Exiled to Island of Elba
111
Where was Napoleon exiled to after the 100 days?
St Helena
112
What did the 1810 penal code state the death penalty for?
forgery, murder and arson
113
