Final shit

Question 1

opening of the activation gate of a sodium channel likely corresponds to a ______

Answer 1

hinge-like motion of the S6 segments around a conserved glycine

Question 2

The inactivation gate of NaV channels is formed by the ______

Answer 2

cytoplasmic loop which connects repeats III and IV

Question 3

for nonmyelinated fibers, conduction velocity increases as the _________,

Answer 3

Square root of the diameter

Question 4

Demyelination of axons results in proliferation of ____

Answer 4

sodium channels

Question 5

The signal recognition partivle binding pocket is lined by ____

Answer 5

methionines

Question 6

AA sequence that leads to N-linked glycosylation

Answer 6

Asn-X-Ser/Thr (X can be any amino acid except proline)

Question 7

ER resident proteins have a specific ____ sequence on their _____, which binds to _______. These membrane proteins bind to _____

Answer 7

KDEL
KDEL receptors
COPI coats

Question 8

Mannose 6-phosphate is a sorting signal for_______

Answer 8

Lysosomal proteins

Question 9

Location of proteosome

Answer 9

cytosol and nucleus

Question 10

E1

Answer 10

Activation

Question 11

E2

Answer 11

Conjugation

Question 12

E3

Answer 12

Ligation

Question 13

Ubiquitin is added to ___

Answer 13

Lysine acceptor

Question 14

Beta substrates of proteosome

Answer 14

proteolytically active

Question 15

alpha subunits of proteosome

Answer 15

regulate substrate entry into death chamber

Question 16

How does E. coli stay alive in a cell?

Answer 16

Glycosylate FADD, making it unable to activate Caspase 8

Question 17

PKA phosphorylation effect on smooth muscle

Answer 17

inhibits smooth muscle contraction

Question 18

Effective buffering occurs in the range from

Answer 18

[A-]/[HA] = 0.1 to 10 or within one pH unit on either side of the pKa

Question 19

H-H equation for bicarbonate system

Answer 19

pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-]mM/ .03Pco2mmHg

pH = 6.1 + log 24 mM/ .03 X 40mmHg
pH = 6.1 + log 24/ 1.2
pH = 6.1 + log 20 = 7.4!

Question 20

• Events that can produce loss of heterozygosity

Answer 20

o 1) Mitotic recombination

o 2) Loss of chromosome or translocation

Question 21

P53 is inactive when bound to ____

Answer 21

mdm2

Question 22

Systemic therapy of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 22

VEGFR-R inhibitors
tyrosine kinase inhibits
MTOR inhibitors
immunotherapies

Question 23

Negatively charged lipids and location

Answer 23

PS, PI, PE

internal surface

Question 24

GPI linkage location

Answer 24

Extracellular face

Question 25

Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis

Answer 25

o Cleavage of bHLH from SREBP sometimes cuts in transmembrane domain o Critical for Notch signaling and development o Important for cleavage of APP protein to produce B-amyloid peptide in Alzheimer’s disease

Question 26

Proteins involved in RIP of bHLH

Answer 26

S1P and S2P | Two step protellysis

Question 27

) HIV - Gp41 protein mechanism

Answer 27

Brings transmembrane domain and fusogenic pepetide domain close together  fp imbedded into membrane

Question 28

Regulation of specificity for viral fusion comes at the ___ level

Answer 28

Activation

Question 29

Influenza viral fusion mechanism

Answer 29

- Binds plasma membrane of any cell, and gets internalized into lysosome - Drop in pH of lysosome triggers activation of influenza - Stable metastable conformation triggered by low pH - Not cell specific, but timing specific

Question 30

HIV viral fusion mechanism

Answer 30

- Fuses with plasma membrane and GP41 and GP120 recognize and binds to CD4  change conformation activating GP41 - Regulated by binding to CD4 receptor HIV only recognizes CD4 containing cells

Question 31

Donnan rule

Answer 31

[K+]o [Cl-]o = [K+]i [Cl-]i

Question 32

Describe why, in neurons and other excitable cells, membrane potential is sensitive to small changes in [K+]o, but not [Na+]o.

Answer 32

o Cell is more sensitive to [K+] because its starting concentration outside the cell is much smaller than Na+, and thus is much more sensitive to small changes in concentration

Question 33

People at higher risk for cerebral edema in DKA

Answer 33

Sicker or younger

Question 34

Clinical manifestation cerebral edema

Answer 34

Hypertension | Bradycardic

Question 35

Tight epithelia location

Answer 35

Sweat glands, distal kidney tubules

Question 36

Leaky epithelia locations

Answer 36

small/large intestine, gall bladder, proximal kidney tubules

Question 37

pumps involved in epithelial secretion

Answer 37

- Na/K/2Cl cotransporter- basolateral side | - Cl- channel- apical side

Question 38

Myelin ____ electrical resistance and ____ capacitance

Answer 38

increases | decreases

Question 39

Consequences of demyelination in MS

Answer 39

- Change resting potential - harder to depolarize due to constant leak of K+ out of cell - Produce proliferation of Na channels

Question 40

Therapies for MS

Answer 40

- NA channel blockers | - K+ channel blockers

Question 41

Na channel blockers for treatment of MS

Answer 41

Phenytoin, Flecainidine Preserve axons

Question 42

K channel blockers for treatment of MS

Answer 42

Dalfampridine

Question 43

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) is made of

Answer 43

6 proteins and 1 RNA

Question 44

What happens after the proteasome cuts off the ubiquitin?

Answer 44

Ubiquitin is recycled

Question 45

B1 – cleaves after _____ B2 – cleaves after ____ B5 – cleaves after _____

Answer 45

Acidic AA Basic AA Hydrophobic AA

Question 46

Microtubule polymerization inhibitors

Answer 46

Colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine

Question 47

o Paclitaxel

Answer 47

binds and stabilizes microtubules causing Tubulin aggregates  block mitosis

Question 48

Arp2/4 _____ two actin monomers FH2 ____ two actin monomers

Answer 48

Mimics | Binds

Question 49

• Lissencephaly

Answer 49

Severe brain development defect, smooth cortical surface (no gyri) oNormal complex cytoarchitecture requires neuronal migration o Due to loss of function n-coflilin (actin filament depolarizing

Question 50

Three main sources of androgen in PCA

Answer 50

-testes 90-95 adrenal glands 5-10 intracrine androgen production

Question 51

4 mechanisms of resistance to hormone therapy in PCA

Answer 51

1.AR activation via non‐gonadal testosterone 2.Overexpression of AR 3.AR mutation leading to promiscuous AR  activation 4.Truncated form of AR, with constitutive  activation of the ligand binding domai

Question 52

Enzyme that plays a key role in androgen production

Answer 52

CYP17

Question 53

Specific inhibitor of CYP17

Answer 53

Abiraterone | blocks test from all three sources

Question 54

Enzalutamide

Answer 54

antiandrogen

Question 55

Enzalutamide inhibits: (3)

Answer 55

- nuclear translocation - co activator recruitmen - DNA binding of AR