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History S2 > Final Spring 2025 > Flashcards

Final Spring 2025 Flashcards

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1
Q

Barack Obama

A

Elected during economic crisis, passed Affordable Care Act, ordered killing of Osama bin Laden. Represented milestone in racial progress. Fits big government essay through healthcare reform and civil rights essay by symbolizing expanded racial inclusion in political leadership.

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2
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Affordable Care Act (2010)

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Expanded health insurance coverage by requiring individuals to purchase insurance and preventing companies from denying coverage due to preexisting conditions. Increased government role in health care and sparked political debates over the limits of federal power. Fits the big vs. little government essay because it reflects expansion of government responsibilities under Obama.

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3
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Afghanistan invasion (2001)

A

Began as a military response to the September 11 attacks, targeting the Taliban regime for harboring al-Qaeda. Marked the start of the War on Terror and longest U.S. war. Important for the foreign policy essay as an example of American interventionism and challenges in nation-building.

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4
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al-Qaeda

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Terrorist network responsible for the 9/11 attacks, led by Osama bin Laden. Their rise led to global counterterrorism efforts and reshaped U.S. foreign policy with focus on Islamic extremism. Strong tie to foreign policy essay through its triggering of the War on Terror and Middle Eastern involvement.

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5
Q

bank runs

A

Occurred when large numbers of people withdrew money from banks, fearing collapse. Exposed weaknesses in the banking system and helped deepen the Great Depression. Relevant to big vs. little government essay for showing the need for federal banking reforms like FDIC.

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6
Q

Battle of Midway

A

Turning point in the Pacific Theater during WWII where the U.S. defeated Japan’s navy. Shifted the momentum to the Allies and prevented further Japanese expansion. Fits the foreign policy essay by highlighting U.S. military strength and strategic leadership during WWII.

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7
Q

Berlin Wall

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Physical and symbolic divide between communist East and capitalist West Berlin. Its fall marked the end of the Cold War and collapse of Soviet influence in Europe. Crucial for foreign policy essay and symbol of the Cold War

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7
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Berlin Airlift

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Response to Soviet blockade of West Berlin, where the U.S. and allies flew in supplies to support the city. Demonstrated commitment to containment and helped shape Cold War alliances. Essential for foreign policy essay due to early Cold War tensions.

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8
Q

black separatism

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Belief in racial pride and self-sufficiency, often rejecting integration. Promoted by leaders like Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. Connects to civil rights essay by showing internal divisions within the movement and emphasizing different strategies for achieving equality.

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9
Q

Brown v. Board of Edu

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Court decision declaring segregated public schools unconstitutional. Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson and gave momentum to the civil rights movement. Central to civil rights essay as it marks a legal turning point in federal support for racial equality and helped launch mass movements.

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10
Q

George H.W. Bush

A

President during the Gulf War and collapse of the Soviet Union. Managed transition from Cold War to a unipolar world. Ties to foreign policy essay by highlighting how U.S. diplomacy and military strength reinforced its global leadership after the Cold War.

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11
Q

George W. Bush

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Led U.S. after 9/11 and launched the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Passed the Patriot Act and expanded executive power. Supports both foreign policy and big government essays by showing how security threats led to long-term military involvement and increased domestic surveillance.

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12
Q

Camp David Accords

A

Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by Jimmy Carter. First treaty between Israel and an Arab state. Important for the foreign policy essay by showing U.S. diplomacy’s role in stabilizing key regions and promoting peace in the Middle East.

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13
Q

Jimmy Carter

A

Focused on human rights and energy policy. Known for Camp David Accords and Iran hostage crisis. Connects to foreign policy essay through his shift toward moral diplomacy and focus on international human rights, which contrasted with Cold War power politics.

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14
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Carrie Chapman Catt

A

Women’s suffrage leader who helped secure the 19th Amendment. Founded the League of Women Voters to educate women politically. Adds depth to civil rights essay by showing how organized activism expanded democracy and reshaped American political life.

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15
Q

Civil Rights Acts of 1964, ‘65

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Outlawed segregation and protected voting rights for African Americans. Enforced federal power over states to secure civil rights. Vital to both civil rights and big government essays by showing how federal action was necessary to correct systemic injustice and ensure equal rights.

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16
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

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Standoff between U.S. and USSR over nuclear weapons in Cuba. Nearly led to nuclear war but ended with diplomatic resolution. Central to foreign policy essay for demonstrating Cold War brinkmanship, nuclear threats, and the importance of negotiatio

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17
Q

Bill Clinton

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Focused on centrist policies, welfare reform, and economic growth. No new deal or great society. “Era of big gov is over”. Faced impeachment over scandal. Connects to big government essay through debate over how much the federal government should assist the poor, regulate trade, and balance personal conduct with executive power.

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17
Q

Cold War

A

Decades-long rivalry between U.S. and Soviet Union marked by proxy wars, arms race, and ideological conflict. Shaped nearly all foreign policy decisions from 1945-1991. Core to foreign policy essay as a dominant theme shaping military, diplomatic, and economic strategy globally.

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18
Q

Hillary Clinton

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Senator, Secretary of State, and first woman nominated for president by a major party. Advocated for health care reform and women’s rights. Adds to civil rights essay by showing growing inclusion of women in political leadership and ongoing efforts for gender equality.

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19
Q

containment

A

strategy to prevent spread of communism, starting with Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. Justified many Cold War actions like Korea, Vietnam, and NATO. Essential for foreign policy essay as the guiding principle behind decades of U.S. interventions.

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19
Q

Calvin Coolidge

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President during 1920s who believed in limited government and pro-business policies, and gov shouldn’t touch the economy. Less tax. Represented conservative reaction to Progressive Era. Strong example for little government in the big vs. little government essay, emphasizing reduced regulation and laissez-faire economic policies.

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20
Q

D-Day

A

Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France that marked beginning of end for Germany in WWII. Opened Western front and helped liberate Europe. Central to foreign policy essay as a strategic operation that proved U.S. military capacity and leadership in defeating fascism.

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21
Q

détente

A

Easing of Cold War tensions under Nixon through diplomacy with China and USSR. Reduced nuclear threats and shifted from confrontation to negotiation. Supports foreign policy essay by showing how diplomacy became an alternative to constant military escalation.

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22
election of 1932
FDR's win during the Depression began New Deal and expanded federal power, key to big government
22
elections of 1912
Split between Taft and Roosevelt allowed Wilson to win, pushing Progressivism, connects to big government
23
election of 1948
Truman's surprise win kept New Deal liberalism alive, while also supporting civil rights through efforts like integrating the military. Showed gov taking responsibility for economic well-being and demonstrated early prez support for racial equality
24
election of 1960
Kennedy vs. Nixon symbolized Cold War leadership and use of media, important for foreign policy
25
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Created central banking system to stabilize the economy and control inflation. Gave federal government more control over monetary policy. Supports big government essay by showing early steps in long-term federal economic intervention.
25
election of 1980
Reagan's win marked conservative shift and return to small government, central to little government.
25
Dwight D. Eisenhower
WWII general and president who warned against the military-industrial complex. Expanded highways, enforced school desegregation, and maintained Cold War balance. Supports both big vs. little government and foreign policy essays by showing moderate governance and Cold War containment.
26
Espionage & Sedition Acts
Laws that restricted speech during WWI and targeted dissent. Used to jail antiwar activists and limit civil liberties. Fits civil rights essay by showing how wartime fear leads to suppression of basic freedoms and raises questions about balancing security with liberty.
27
Fourteen Points
Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace focused on self-determination, free trade, and League of Nations. Reflected idealist foreign policy goals. Fits foreign policy essay by showing a vision of internationalism that clashed with later isolationist sentiment.
27
Gerald R. Ford
Took office after Nixon's resignation and pardoned him, which hurt public trust. Focused on healing after Watergate and managing economic troubles. Supports big government essay by raising questions about executive accountability and the limits of presidential power.
27
feminism
Belief in equal rights for women, pushed through suffrage, workplace, and reproductive rights movements. Key in reshaping gender roles and laws. Essential to civil rights essay as a broader push for equal access, opportunity, and voice in public life.
28
G.I. Bill of 1944
Provided education and housing to returning WWII veterans. Helped grow middle class and economy. Connects to big government essay as an example of federal support creating long-term economic stability and social mobility.
29
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet leader who introduced reforms like glasnost and perestroika. Helped end Cold War through arms agreements and internal restructuring. Central to foreign policy essay for changing Soviet policy, allowing U.S. diplomacy to help end the Cold War peacefully.
30
Great Depression
Severe economic collapse that led to massive unemployment and poverty. Triggered New Deal reforms and changed views on government's role in the economy. Core to big government essay for justifying expansion of federal authority in economic life.
31
Great Society
Johnson's domestic agenda to fight poverty and racial injustice through programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and education reform. Expanded federal power and civil rights. Key to both big government and civil rights essays as a continuation of New Deal principles applied to racial and economic inequality.
32
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Authorized the president to use military force in Southeast Asia without a formal war declaration. Gave Lyndon Johnson broad power to escalate the Vietnam War. Ties to both the foreign policy and big government essays, showing how executive authority expanded during Cold War conflicts and how military engagement abroad became more centralized.
33
Warren G. Harding
Promoted a "return to normalcy" after World War I, favoring isolationism and limited government. Reduced taxes and regulation, reversing Progressive reforms. Fits the big vs. little government essay as an example of a conservative retreat from federal activism in the 1920s.
34
Adolf Hitler
Led Nazi Germany and initiated WWII through military aggression and genocide. His actions prompted U.S. intervention after initial neutrality. Central to the foreign policy essay by demonstrating how global threats forced the U.S. to abandon isolationism and assume leadership in global security.
35
Iranian Hostage Crisis
U.S. embassy staff were held hostage by Iranian revolutionaries. Weakened Carter’s presidency and contributed to Reagan’s election. Fits the foreign policy essay by highlighting U.S. vulnerability in the Middle East and the rise of anti-American sentiment in global politics.
36
Herbert Hoover
President during the Great Depression’s onset, believed in voluntary cooperation and limited government relief. His response was seen as inadequate, leading to demands for federal intervention. Connects to the big vs. little government essay as a contrast to FDR’s New Deal, showing the limits of conservative economic policy during crisis.
37
ISIS/ISIL
Terrorist group that emerged from post-Iraq War instability, known for brutal tactics and attempts to establish a caliphate. Prompted renewed U.S. military operations in the Middle East. Relevant to the foreign policy essay as a continuation of the War on Terror and challenges of modern counterterrorism.
38
isolationism
Belief that the U.S. should avoid foreign entanglements, strong after WWI. Dominated politics until Pearl Harbor shifted public opinion. Central to the foreign policy essay because it explains early reluctance to intervene in global conflicts and the eventual shift toward interventionism.
39
Japanese-American internment
U.S. government forcibly relocated Japanese-Americans during WWII out of fear of espionage. Violated civil liberties without due process. Ties into the civil rights essay by exposing how war and racism led to constitutional rights violations and later sparked reparations movements.
40
The Jungle
Novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. Led to federal regulation like the Pure Food and Drug Act. Connects to the big government essay by showing how Progressive-era activism drove government intervention in industry to protect public welfare.
41
Lyndon B. Johnson
Expanded federal government through Great Society programs and escalated the Vietnam War. Passed key civil rights laws but faced backlash over war. Supports all three essays: big government (domestic programs), civil rights (legislation), and foreign policy (Vietnam escalation).
42
John F. Kennedy
Emphasized Cold War readiness and civil rights reform. Known for Cuban Missile Crisis and space race leadership. Connects to the foreign policy essay through Cold War diplomacy and to the civil rights essay through early support for racial justice.
42
Keynesian economics
Economic theory that advocates government spending to boost demand during downturns. Influenced New Deal and postwar recovery policy. Important for big government essay as a justification for federal involvement in economic stabilization and job creation.
43
Martin Luther King Jr.
Civil rights leader who used nonviolent resistance to challenge segregation and injustice. Led the March on Washington and inspired national legislation. Central to the civil rights essay as a moral force behind federal civil rights laws and public support for racial equality.
44
Henry Kissinger
Diplomat under Nixon and Ford who promoted détente and realpolitik. Helped open relations with China and negotiated Vietnam War peace terms. Supports the foreign policy essay as a key architect of Cold War diplomacy and pragmatic international engagement.
45
Korean War
Conflict between North and South Korea involving U.S. and UN forces to stop communist expansion. Ended in stalemate but reinforced Cold War divisions. Core to the foreign policy essay by demonstrating early military enforcement of containment and long-term U.S. involvement in Asia.
46
Huey P. Long
Populist senator who criticized the New Deal for not going far enough. Advocated wealth redistribution through "Share Our Wealth." Adds to the big government essay by showing pressure from the left to expand federal programs and address inequality more aggressively.
47
lynching
Extrajudicial killings, mostly targeting African Americans in the South, used to enforce white supremacy. Sparked national outrage and calls for anti-lynching laws. Central to the civil rights essay as an example of racial violence and the need for federal protection of Black lives.
48
Manhattan Project
Secret U.S. program that developed atomic bombs during WWII. Changed warfare and global power dynamics. Vital to the foreign policy essay by initiating the nuclear age and influencing Cold War arms competition and deterrence strategies.
49
Mao Zedong
Led the Chinese Communist Revolution and founded the People's Republic of China. Shifted the balance of power during the Cold War. Important for the foreign policy essay by expanding the global reach of communism and intensifying U.S. fears of its spread.
50
Joseph McCarthy
Senator who falsely accused many of communist ties, sparking widespread fear and censorship. Damaged careers and civil liberties. Key to the civil rights essay by showing how Cold War paranoia led to repression of free speech and political dissent.
51
Medicare
Federal program providing health insurance to the elderly. Part of LBJ’s Great Society agenda. Central to the big government essay as an example of expanding welfare programs and federal responsibility for public health.
52
military-industrial complex
Term coined by Eisenhower warning of the growing power of defense industries and Pentagon influence. Suggests permanent war readiness could shape policy. Ties to both foreign policy and big government essays by highlighting long-term consequences of militarization on government size and priorities.
52
Mary Tyler Moore
Actress whose show portrayed an independent, career-focused woman. Changed public perceptions of women’s roles in media. Adds to the civil rights essay by showing cultural shifts that reflected and promoted feminist ideals and gender equality.
53
Moral Majority
Political movement of conservative Christians pushing for traditional values and greater religious influence in politics. Helped elect Ronald Reagan. Relevant to the big vs. little government essay by advocating limited government in economics but active moral regulation in public life.
54
mutual-assured destruction
Cold War doctrine where both U.S. and USSR had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other, deterring war. Influenced military strategy and diplomacy. Essential to the foreign policy essay as it shaped Cold War arms policy and the logic behind avoiding direct conflict.
54
national-security state
Government structure that emerged after WWII with permanent defense and intelligence agencies like the CIA. Centralized control over foreign and domestic surveillance. Important for both foreign policy and big government essays as it marked a permanent shift toward security-focused governance.
55
nativism (1920s)
Anti-immigrant sentiment driven by fear of foreign influence and cultural change. Led to immigration restrictions like the Quota Acts. Key to the civil rights essay by showing how racial and ethnic discrimination shaped national policy and identity.
55
non-violent resistance
Strategy used by civil rights activists to confront injustice through peaceful protest. Inspired by Gandhi and led by MLK. Core to the civil rights essay as a method that won public sympathy and forced federal action against segregation.
56
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Military alliance between U.S. and Western nations formed to counter Soviet threats. Committed members to collective defense. Fundamental to the foreign policy essay as a cornerstone of Cold War alliances and ongoing global strategy.
57
New Deal
FDR’s programs to combat the Great Depression through job creation, financial reform, and social welfare. Expanded federal government’s role in daily life. Central to the big government essay as the foundation of modern liberal economic policy and a model for later federal action.
58
Richard M. Nixon
President known for ending U.S. involvement in Vietnam, opening China, and the Watergate scandal. Expanded executive power but also resigned in disgrace. Ties into foreign policy through détente and Cold War strategy, and big government through debates over presidential authority.
59
Panama Canal
Major engineering project linking Atlantic and Pacific, initially controlled by U.S. to assert influence in Latin America. Later returned to Panama. Fits the foreign policy essay as an example of American imperialism and control over global trade routes.
60
Plessy v. Ferguson
Court case that upheld segregation under “separate but equal.” Legalized racial discrimination for decades. Central to the civil rights essay by laying the foundation for Jim Crow laws and showing why later decisions like Brown v. Board were necessary.
61
Progressive "Bull Moose" Party
Third party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after a split in the Republican Party. Pushed for direct democracy, labor rights, and regulation of corporations. Fits big government and civil rights essays by promoting expanded government action for fairness and democratic reforms.
61
progressive movement
Social and political reform wave that tackled corruption, inequality, and corporate power. Led to labor laws, women’s suffrage, and antitrust policies. Important for big government and civil rights essays by showing how activism pushed for federal regulation and expanded democratic rights.
62
Rosa Parks
Refused to give up her bus seat in 1955, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Her quiet protest helped launch the modern civil rights movement. Central to the civil rights essay as a symbol of nonviolent resistance and grassroots activism against segregation.
63
Pearl Harbor
Surprise attack by Japan on a U.S. naval base in 1941 that led to American entry into WWII. Marked the end of isolationism. Critical for the foreign policy essay as a turning point where the U.S. committed to global involvement.
64
Peace Corps
Created by JFK to send Americans abroad to help with education, health, and development. Aimed to win hearts and minds during the Cold War. Ties into the foreign policy essay as part of soft-power diplomacy during global ideological competition.
65
prohibition
Banned alcohol from 1920–1933 under the 18th Amendment. Intended to improve society but led to crime and corruption. Relevant to big government essay as an example of federal overreach and to civil rights as a case of moral regulation.
66
roaring '20s
Decade of economic growth, consumerism, and cultural change after WWI. Also included rising inequality and nativism. Supports big government and civil rights essays by showing the backlash against reform and growing social tensions
67
Ronald Reagan
Conservative president who cut taxes, reduced social spending, and strengthened the military. Emphasized individualism over government aid. Central to big vs. little government essay as the face of modern conservatism and rollback of liberal programs.
67
Roe v. Wade
1973 Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion under the right to privacy. Sparked decades of political and cultural conflict. Fits the civil rights essay by expanding women's rights and raising debates over the government’s role in private life.
68
"rights revolution" (1960s)
Surge of movements for civil rights, women’s rights, and minority protections. Brought major legal and social changes. Core to the civil rights essay as a time of massive expansion in constitutional protections and social justice.
69
Eleanor Roosevelt
First Lady who redefined the role through activism and advocacy. Fought for civil rights, women’s rights, and human rights. Important to civil rights essay as a bridge between New Deal liberalism and postwar reform.
70
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Led the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII. Created the New Deal and expanded the federal government. Central to big government essay and also foreign policy, showing leadership in crisis and intervention abroad.
71
Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive president who broke up trusts, conserved land, and expanded American power overseas. Supports big government and foreign policy essays by blending domestic reform with imperial expansion like in Panama and the Spanish-American War.
72
Second Gulf War (Iraq)
U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003 over alleged WMDs, leading to long conflict. No WMDs were found, hurting U.S. credibility. Central to the foreign policy essay as a modern example of military overreach and the legacy of the War on Terror.
73
Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930
Raised tariffs on imports to protect U.S. businesses but worsened the Great Depression. Triggered trade retaliation. Supports big government essay as a failed economic intervention and foreign policy in terms of global economic relations.
74
Social Security Act of 1935
Part of the New Deal, it created pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance. Marked a permanent role for the federal government in economic security. Central to big government essay and also part of long-term liberal policy foundation.
75
Soviet Union
Communist state and chief Cold War rival of the U.S. from 1917 to 1991. Shaped decades of U.S. foreign and domestic policy. Vital to the foreign policy essay as the ideological and military opponent in global Cold War struggles.
76
space race (Apollo program)
Cold War competition to dominate space technology, culminating in the U.S. moon landing in 1969. Boosted national pride and federal science spending. Key to the foreign policy essay as part of Cold War rivalry and technological competition.
77
Spanish-American War
1898 conflict where U.S. defeated Spain and gained overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Marked the start of American imperialism. Ties into the foreign policy essay by showing the U.S. shift to a global power
78
Josef Stalin
Dictator of the Soviet Union during WWII and early Cold War. Known for brutal repression and leading the communist bloc. Central to the foreign policy essay as the main rival to U.S. capitalism and democracy in global affairs.
79
supply-side economics
Theory that cutting taxes and regulation stimulates investment and growth. Used by Reagan to justify lower taxes. Core to big government essay as the main argument for shrinking the role of government in the economy.
80
William Howard Taft
President and later Supreme Court Chief Justice. Broke up trusts. Continued some Progressive reforms but favored conservative legal interpretations. Relevant to big government essay as a figure who blended reform with caution.
81
Title IX
Federal law banning sex discrimination in education, especially athletics. Expanded women’s rights in schools and sports. Central to the civil rights essay as a major legal step toward gender equality.
82
Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI and punished Germany, but the U.S. refused to ratify it. Helped cause WWII and reflected isolationist sentiment. Important for the foreign policy essay as a missed opportunity for U.S. international leadership.
83
Harry S. Truman
President at the end of WWII, created the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. Integrated the military. Started containment and U.S. Cold War leadership. Supports foreign policy essay and civil rights essay (military desegregation)
84
Donald J. Trump
President who emphasized nationalism, immigration restrictions, and deregulation. Rolled back many federal programs.
85
trusts
Large business combinations that dominated markets in the Gilded Age. Criticized for harming competition and consumers. Key to big government essay as targets of antitrust laws and Progressive reform.
86
U-boats
German submarines used in WWI and WWII to disrupt trade and supply lines. Attacks helped draw the U.S. into war. Ties to foreign policy essay as examples of unrestricted warfare leading to American intervention.
87
Earl Warren
Chief Justice who led a liberal Supreme Court. Lead to more civil rights movement. Made landmark rulings on segregation, rights of the accused, and more. Core to civil rights essay as the architect of legal desegregation (Brown v. Board) and expanded liberties.
88
women's suffrage
Gained through the 19th Amendment in 1920 after decades of activism. Expanded democracy and changed politics. Fits the civil rights essay as a milestone in equality and government responsiveness to mass movements.
89
Watergate scandal
Nixon’s administration tried to cover up a break-in at the DNC headquarters. Led to Nixon’s resignation. Relevant to big government essay (limits of executive power) and civil rights essay (abuse of political surveillance).
90
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive president who led during WWI and proposed the League of Nations. Expanded federal power in war and peace. Fits big government and foreign policy essays for his domestic reforms and global vision.
91
World Trade Center attacks
Terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, killed nearly 3,000 people. Sparked the War on Terror. Central to foreign policy essay as the start of 21st-century intervention in Afghanistan, Iraq, and global anti-terror efforts.
92
World War I
Global conflict from 1914–1918; the U.S. joined in 1917. Marked the start of American involvement in world affairs. Important to foreign policy essay for ending isolationism and to civil rights for showing repression during wartime.
93
World War II
Global war where U.S. joined after Pearl Harbor. Helped defeat fascism and created U.S. superpower status. Central to foreign policy essay and big government, due to wartime economic control and postwar leadership.
94
Zimmermann telegram
German message proposing a military alliance with Mexico during WWI. Intercepted by Britain and helped push the U.S. into war. Vital to the foreign policy essay as a trigger for ending neutrality and entering the global conflict.
95
American entry into World War I year
1917
96
World War I ends year
1918
97
Stock market crash; beginning of Great Depression year
1929
98
American entry into World War II year(Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7)
1941
99
End of World War II year
1945
100
Assassination of President Kennedy year (Nov. 22)
1963
101
Fall of European communism year(Soviet Union: 1991)
1989
102
World Trade Center attacks (Sept. 11)
2001
103
Election of 2000
Al Gore versus George W. Bush. Bush won. Small government. Cut taxes

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