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Research > FINAL - SSD > Flashcards

FINAL - SSD Flashcards

1
Q

RCT

A

randomized controlled trial

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2
Q

gold standard for experimental design and why?

A

RCT
incorporates large samples, randomization, and control groups

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3
Q

RCT inferential flaw

A

can affect decision making with individual people: the average result does not represent every person

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4
Q

RCT cannot track:

A

unique or disparate responses among individuals, nor determine who is a responder or non responder

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5
Q

RCT may lack:

A

replication
reduces confidence in the outcome

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6
Q

single subject design

A

uses one subject as the population of interest and the subject serves as her/his own control

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7
Q

measurements from ssd are:

A

sampled and analyzed over time

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8
Q

ssd: kind of case study

A

quantitative, empirical, and objective

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9
Q

ssd: internal validity

A

achieved by designs that control extraneous variables and by statistical tests that meet their underlying assumptions

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10
Q

ssd: external validity

A

achieved by replication

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11
Q

internal validity

A

cause effect

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12
Q

external validity

A

generalization

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13
Q

why are single subject designs needed?

A
  • when one subject is the population of interest
  • when few subjects with a target condition are available for a larger study
  • to test a clinical hypothesis, identify the effectiveness of specific treatments, and identify responders and non responders
  • in early phase (pre clinical) research
  • to cast doubt on existing assumptions or theories
  • when between subject heterogeneity is large, and group averaging threatens statistical inference validity in group designs
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14
Q

aggregate type proposition

A

makes an assertion about a group of individuals considered as a whole; lawful relationship about averages

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15
Q

general type proposition

A

makes an assertion about each member of the group; lawful relationship about individuals

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16
Q

for a law to be universal,

A

it must produce or predict the same result in every person

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17
Q

positive change

A

positive effect

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18
Q

zero change

A

no effect

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19
Q

negative change

A

negative effect

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20
Q

life saving or quality of life improving (responders)

A

positive effect

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21
Q

no benefit, no harm (non responders)

A

no effect

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22
Q

contraindicated due to potential harmful effects

A

negative effect

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23
Q

ssd are sometimes considered unscientific because they do not seek a general law

A

criticism of ssd

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24
Q

ssd are perceived as unable to generalize to the population

A

criticism of ssd

25
Q

ssd are quasi experimental bc they do not use a control group or randomly assign subjects to treatments

A

criticism of ssd

26
Q

observations from a subject may not be independent, which affects the statistical analysis options

A

criticism of ssd

27
Q

ssd are perceived to provide a low level of evidence

A

criticism of ssd

28
Q

common ssd

A

baseline treatment design (AB)
treatment withdrawal design (ABA)
treatment replication design (ABAB)
multiple baseline and multiple probe design across behaviors (ABAB w more than 1 behavior)
multiple baseline and multiple probe design across participants (ABAB with more than 1 participant)

29
Q

ABAB w more than 1 behavior

A

multiple baseline and multiple probe design across behaviors

30
Q

ABAB with more than 1 participant

A

multiple baseline and multiple probe design across participants

31
Q

AB

A

baseline treatment design

32
Q

ABA

A

treatment withdrawal design

33
Q

ABAB

A

treatment replication design

34
Q

single subject experimental designs come in different forms, but all use

A
  1. repeated measurements across time
  2. baseline phase
  3. treatment or intervention phase
    some use:
  4. post-treatment phase, to establish generalization or maintenance
35
Q

AB designs show changes in

A

level, trend, variability

36
Q

AB is the basis for

A

more complex designs, but ALONE is considered a pre experimental design bc it does not adequately control many sources of variation that threaten internal validity and does not demonstrate replication

37
Q

ABA examines the effect of

A

a single treatment (independent variable) on an outcome measure (dependent variable)

38
Q

why is ABA stronger than AB?

A

provides a second demonstration of the treatment effect, thus improving confidence that the treatment, and not some extraneous variable, caused the outcome measure’s change

39
Q

ABAB is an extension of

A

ABA design

40
Q

ABAB provides

A

a third demonstration of the treatment effect on the outcome measure

41
Q

ABAB designs are straightforward and among the

A

strongest ssd

42
Q

ABAB with 2 behaviors

A

probes the treatment effect across experimentally defined conditions: behaviors, people, stimuli, settings

43
Q

strength of ABAB with 2 behaviors

A

multiple demonstrations of Tx effects by replication across behaviors

44
Q

appropriate design for nonreversible behaviors

A

ABAB with 2 behaviors

45
Q

ABAB with 2 participants

A

participants graphed separately, unlike behaviors

46
Q

criteria to assess the quality of a ssd study;

A
  1. actively manipulate ind variables
  2. systematically measure meaningful (externally valid) dep variables over time and by more than one scorer
  3. use ind scorers who a blinded to the participants and phases to measure tx effect
  4. use 5 OR MORE observations per phase to evaluate behavior stability and improve representation to reduce small sample bias
  5. provide 3 OR MORE opportunities to evaluate the experimental effects using replication WITHIN (internal validity) or BETWEEN (external validity) subjects
  6. provide a detailed description of the tx (ind variable) so that it can be administered consistently and replicated across experimenters
47
Q

ssd visual analysis

A

the basis for a ssd study, however it can lead to bias and type 1 statistical error

48
Q

ssd statistical analysis

A

can support the visual outcomes with objective, statistical inference based data and improve confidence in the effect

49
Q

statistical analysis options in a ssd include:

A

test designed for time series ss experimental designs
parametric and non parametric tests, like those used for group designs

50
Q

analysis of variance acronym

A

ANOVA

51
Q

ANOVA

A

a test used to determine differences between research results from 3 or more unrelated samples or groups

52
Q

C statistic

A

an omnibus test for abrupt changes in level and gradual changes in the trend of time-series data

ratio of variances like a t- or F- ratio

53
Q

metric that characterizes the strength of a tx and is often used to compliment p values

A

effect size

54
Q

one measure of effect size in ssd

A

single subject designs

55
Q

100% overlap =

A

no treatment effect

56
Q

PND

A

calculated as the # of tx values that do not overlap with the baseline values

57
Q

single subject research desings:

A
  1. provide evidence of treatment effects in individuals,
  2. are flexible, efficient, and can be implemented in clinical practice and
    research to support EBP and discipline-based knowledge,
  3. are an excellent option for studying small or very heterogeneous
    populations,
  4. provide strong internal validity when well-implemented,
  5. provide external validity (generalization) when replicated.
58
Q

investigating the individual is important for:

A

practical, statistical, and philosophical reasons

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