FINAL STUDY Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
3 types of bacteria?
A
Strep throat, tuberculosis, UTI
2
Q
What is an infection?
A
The invasion & growth of germs in the body
3
Q
What is immunity?
A
The immune systems ability to protect the body from infectious disease
4
Q
What are the two types of immunity?
A
Natural immunity & acquired immunity
5
Q
What are the 3 levels of decontamination?
A
Cleaning, disinfection & sterilization
6
Q
What is a virus?
A
A microscopic infectious agent that can only reproduce by invading a host
7
Q
What do virus’s infect?
A
Any living organism, humans, plants & animals
8
Q
3 types ot pathogenic bacteria?
A
Cocci, bacilli & spirilla
9
Q
What is the active stage if bacterial life cycle?
A
Where bacteria grow & reproduce rapidly in favourable conditions
10
Q
What is the inactive stage of the bacterial life cycle?
A
When conditions are unfavourable & either die or form spores to protect themselves & remain dormant until conditions improve.
11
Q
What is direct transmission?
A
Infectious organisms are transferred directly from one person to another through close physical contact.
12
Q
What is indirect transmission?
A
Infectious organisms are spread through an intermediary such as an object, food or air
13
Q
Precautuons to prevent the spread of bacteria?
A
Hand hygiene, PPE, client screening, decontamination protocol
14
Q
What is pathogenic bacteria?
A
Harmful bacteria that can cause disease or infection in otherwise healthy people.
Ex.. Bacteria, virus, fungi & parasites
15
Q
What is non-pathogenic bacteria?
A
Harmless bacteria that can be beneficial & often stimulating to the immune system.
Ex.. Penicillin, probiotics, yogurt, cheese
16
Q
Steps of Binary fission?
A
Dna replication, cell elongation, septum formation & cell division
17
Q
What are the functions of the skin?
A
Sensation
Heat Regulation
Absorption
Protection
Excretion
Secretion
18
Q
Why can bacteria in the follicles survive with or without oxygen?
A
Bacteria have the ability to adapt to the environment in order to survive
19
Q
Why are open comedones black?
A
Oxidization
20
Q
When does a closed comedone form?
A
When the openings of the follicle are blocked with debris & white cells
21
Q
Estheticians cant make claims that a product or treatment can?
A
Affect the structure or function of the skin
22
Q
What is Hylauranic acid?
A
A humectant naturally found in the skin, designed to hold onto water to keep skin hydrated & moisturized.
23
Q
What happens to the hypodermis as we age?
A
It decreases & thins
24
Q
What is another name for botox?
A
Neurotoxins
25
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
26
What happens in the stratum corneum?
Keratinocytes turn into corneocytes. This layer is the protective layer & is constantly shedding dead cells.
27
What happens in the stratum lucidum?
This layer is only found in the palms & soles of feet. Extra protection.
28
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
- Cells lose their nuclei & begin to die here.
- Keratinocytes produce keratin & granules which release lipids to form a water-proof barrier
29
What happens in the stratum spinosum?
- 8-10 layers of cells connected by desmosomes (glue)
- Protection & Immune defence, Langerhans cells detect & respond.
- T cells are the defence.
30
What happens in the stratum basale?
- Keratinocytes are created here through cell division & begin moving upward to replace the old ones.
- Melanocytes create melanin.
- Merkel cells provide sensory cells for touch.
31
What is a chromophore?
The molecules within the tissue that absorb specific wavelengths of light
32
What is a primary lesion?
The initial cut
33
What are the 3 chromophores?
Melanin
Water
Blood
34
Melanin absorbs what light?
UV light
35
Blood absorbs what light?
Visible light
36
Water absorbs what light?
Infrared light
37
What are the 6 signs of infection?
Pus
Redness
Local fever
Throbbing
Pain
Swelling
38
What is red Led light used for?
Stimulates collagen & improves circulation
39
What is blue led light used for?
Kills acne-causing bacteria
40
What is infrared led light used for?
Penetrates deeply to relieve pain & inflammation. Acts as a booster to other treatments
41
What is CRF?
Cell renewal factor refers to the process in which dead skin cells are replaced with new. Known as cell mitosis (cell division)
42
How do AHA’s exfoliate?
Alpha Hydroxy Acid, exfoliate by loosening the bonds between dead skin cells.
43
How do BHA’s exfoliate?
Beta Hydroxy Acids exfoliate by penetrating deep in the pores to break down oil, dead skin & debris. OIL SOLUBLE.
44
What are 2 examples of AHA?
Glycolic acid
Lactic acid
45
What is an example of a BHA?
Salicylic acid
46
What 3 ingredients are in a Jessner chemical peel?
Resorcinol, salicylic acid & lactic acid
47
What is resorcinol derived from & good for?
Benzene. Pigmentation issues due to its lightening properties
48
What is salicylic acid derived from & good for?
Willowbark. Its oil soluble so its good for really oily, congested skin
49
What is lactic acid derived from & good for?
Fermented milk. It’s hydrating & gentle, making it great for sensitive & dry skin
50
What is L-absorbic acid and how does it help reduce free radical damage?
The purest most active form of VITAMIN C & acts as an antioxidant protecting the skin from free radicals.
51
Why are products applied in a certain order?
Thinnest molecule to thickest molecule in ensures product absorption & penetration
52
What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?
Papillary: contains blood vessels & nerve endings.
Reticular layer: contains sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels & lymph vessels
53
What is responsible for 80% of overall facial aging?
Photoaging
54
What causes wrinkles?
Intrinsic & extrinsic factors.
Ex.. Loss of collagen & elastin, reduced cell turnover, sun exposure, smoking
55
What gas is used in High-Frequency?
Neon & argon gas
56
What are the benefits of High-Frequency?
Kills bacteria
Circulation
Anit-aging
57
What is the normal PH of the skin?
4.5-5.5
58
What is the apperance if Telangiectasia?
Thread like red lines or patterns on the skin
59
What does LED stand for?
Light Emitting Diode
60
Describe the characteristics of dry skin?
Flaky
Rough texture
Tight or itchy
Sensitive
Limited oil prodution
61
Describe the characteristics of combo skin?
Oily in the T-zone
Enlarged pores focused in the T-zone area
Dry & normal elsewhere
62
Describe the characteristics of oily skin?
Shiny appearance
Widespread oil production
Large pores
Prone to acne & blackheads
63
Describe the characteristics of normal skin?
Balanced oil production
Healthy glow & colour
Small pores, may have medium pores in the t-zone
No blackheads or blemishes
Overall smooth texture
64
Describe the characterisitics of dark spots?
Small, dark, flat, round, oval or irregular shape.
Can be skin coloured, tan, brown or black
65
What is acne excoriee?
A skin condition where the acne lesions are compulsively picked, scratched or squeezed
66
What is Vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
67
What are free radicals?
Unstable molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons, making then highly reactive with other cells & molecules in the body. Disrupting the skin barrier & breaking down collagen & elastin
To stabilize use antioxidants (Vitamin C)
68
What is Melasma?
A form of hyperpigmentation, commonly found on the face. Triggered by hormones, sun exposure, heat or inflammation
69
What is Chloasma?
A form of hyperpigmentation, commonly found on the face of pregnant women. Triggered by hormonal changes during pregnancy. Other name for Melasma
70
What is Albinism?
Congenital failure of the skin to produce melanin
71
What is dermatitis?
Inflammation of the skin, resulting in redness, swelling, itching, dryness, flaking or blistering
72
What is post inflammatory erythema?
Red, pink or purple marks that remain after inflammation, following acne or injury.
*dilated or damaged blood vessels*
73
What is post inflammatory Hypopigmentation?
Loss of melanin caused from inflammation after injury.
*white or light patches*
74
What is post inflammatory hyperpigmentation?
The overproduction of melanin due to inflammation after injury.
*dark patches or spots*
75
Define pustules?
PIMPLE. Small inflamed pus-filled bump
76
What does Laser stand for?
Light
Amplification
Stimulation
Emission
Radiation
77
What are the 4 steps of the wound healing cascade?
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling
78
What is cell renewal factor?
The rate at which your skin produces new cells & sheds old ones. CELL TURNOVER
79
What is a fibroblast?
Protein that produces collagen & elastin.
Gives skin its strength, structure & elasticity.
Found in the reticular layer
80
2 types of enzyme exfoliants?
Papain & Bromelain
81
What is Papain derived from & how does it exfoliate?
Papaya fruit. It breaks down proteins.
82
What is Bromelain derived from & how does it exfoliate?
Pineapple. It acts like pac-man digesting dead skin cells
83
What are enzyme exfoliants?
Natural exfoliating agents that break down proteins & gently remove dead skin cells
84
How many fitzpatrick types are there?
6
85
What is a secondary lesion?
The scar
86
What causes itching in the skin?
Histamine reaction
87
Opposite of hyperpigmenation?
Vitilago
88
What is the Acid Mantle?
A thin protective film made up of oils & sweat, helping to protect the skin from harmful elements like bacteria & viruses
89
What is TEWL?
Trans Epidermal Water Loss. Refers to the loss of water from the skin, which can cause dehydration & dryness
90
What is EGF?
Epidermal Growth Factor. Stimulates cell growth & repair. Thickens the skin.
91
Why is understanding CRF important for the treatment planning?
So we can provide a safe, effective & personalized treatment.
92
What is the average CRF for adults?
28 days
93
What determines healthy skin?
Slightly acidic
94
Characteristics of fitz 1?
Very fair
Light hair & eyes
Have freckles
Always burns, never tans
Very sensitive to the sun
GINGER
95
Characteristics of fitz 2?
Fair
Usually burns, tans rarely
Light hair & eyes
Typically have freckles
Sensitive to the sun
BLONDE
96
Characteristics of fitz 3?
Medium white to olive
Sometimes burns but turns into light tan
Dark eyes & medium to dark hair
BROWN HAIR
97
Characteristics of fitz 4?
Olive skin
Rarely burns
Tans easily to brown
Dark hair & eyes
DARK BROWN HAIR
98
Characteristics of fitz 5?
Brown skin
Unlikely to burn
Tans easily
Dark hair & eyes
BLACK HAIR + BROWN SKIN
99
Characteristics of fitz 6?
Dark brown to black skin
Never burns
Tans very easily
Deeply pigmented
Dark hair & eyes
BLACK HAIR + BLACK SKIN
100
What are the two types of exfoliation?
Mechanical & Chemical
101
What does mechanical exfoliation do?
Removes dead skin cells using physical force through scrubs, brushes, loofahs
102
Whats does chemical exfoliation do?
Dissolves the bonds between dead skin cells using acids or enzymes.
103
General pre chemical peel recommendations?
Avoid sun exposure 1-2 weeks prior
Avoid harsh scrubs 1-2 weeks prior
Avoid other treatments such as waxing…
Use gentle skincare 3-5 days before
Keep your skin & self hydrated
104
General post care recommendations for chemical peels?
Avoid sun exposure 1-2 weeks
Wear SPF
Keep skin hydrated
Dont pick or peel flaking siin
Use gentle products
Avoid makeup 24-48 hours
Avoid heat 48-72 hours
105
Contraindications for chemical peels?
Open lesions
Dermatitis or Eczema
Active rosacea or skin conditions
Pregnant or breastfeeding
Allergies or medications
106
Pre microneedling recommendations?
Avoid sun exposure 1-2 weeks before
Avoid active ingredients
Use gentle products 3-5 days prior
Hydrate
107
Post microneedling recommendations?
Avoid touching
Use SPF 6-12 hours post
Use a gentle cleanser 6-12 hours post
Avoid makeup 48-72 hours
Avoid heat 48-72 hours
Hydrate with HA
No active ingredients 6-12 hours
108
Contraindications for microneedling?
Sun burnt or tanned skin
Pregnant or breastfeeding
Active skin conditions
Open lesions
Eczema or dermatitis
Accutane or other meds
109
Benefits of CC peel?
Improves texture
Minimizes pores
Improves skin tone & complexion
Skin tightening
110
What are longer wavelengths good for?
Less aggressive so ideal for higher fitz types
111
What are shorter wavelengths good for?
More aggressive, ideal for lower fitz types
112
Whats the difference between ablative & non-ablative skin resurfacing?
Ablative removes the epidermis and heats the underlying dermis.
Non-ablative heats the dermis without removing the epidermis.
113
What is thermal relaxation time (TRT)?
The amount of time it takes for the target to lose 50% of the heat delivered by the laser.
114
What age is the ideal candidate for laser treatments?
18-65
115
What is the 1064 wavelength for?
Targeting black & dark blue pigments
Targets deeper skin layers tor rejuvenation
116
What is the 532 wavelength for?
Treating pigmented lesions & sun spots
Targets warm-toned pigments (red, orange, yellow)
117
What does photorejuvenation do?
Uses pulses of light to treat various skin concerns like pigmented lesions, vascular lesions & rosacea
118
What light does IPL use?
Broad-spectrum light
119
What acid has the smallest molecular size?
Glycolic acid
120
How long before Photoepilation should the area be shaved?
12-24 hours
121
How many sessions are needed for photoepilation?
Multiple
122
In Photoepilation hair removal the primary mechanism by which the hair follicle is destroyed is?
light energy is absorbed by melanin in the hair follicle, converting to heat and destroying the follicle.
123
What accurately describes key aspects of photorejuvanation?
Photorejuvenation targets melanin and hemoglobin using intense pulsed light to improve skin texture & redness
124
The difference between laser & IPL in skin treatments?
Ipl can treat a wider range of skin concerns compared to laser, as it uses a variety of light wavelengths
125
Key characteristics of laser technology used in dermatological treatments is?
laser light has specific wavelength and is highly focused, allowing targeted treatment.
126
What is better for larger areas of hair removal?
Ipl is suitable for larger areas, while laser hair removal is suitable for targeted areas
127
What is a 755 wavelength used for?
Targets green pigments
128
Function of Sensation?
Sensation: touch, pressure, pain
129
Function of heat regulation?
Heat Regulation: maintains temp through sweat & blood flow adjustment.
130
Function of absorption?
Absorption: absorbs nutrients and medication through topical application. Absorbs UVB rays from the sun & converts to vitamin D.
131
Function of protection?
Protection: provides physical & immune barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens & dehydration
132
Function of excretion?
Excretion: expels waste such as salt & urea through sweat
133
Function of secretion?
Secretion: sebaceous glands secrete oils such as sebum & sweat to keep the skin moisturized & enhance barrier function
134
What happens in the Hemostasis phase?
A blood clot is formed to stop the bleeding. Blood vessels constrict & platelets form a clot
Blood clot
135
What happens in the inflammation phase?
Immune cells (macrophages & neutrophils) enter the wound to clean up bacteria & debris.
Scab, Fibroblast, macrophage, blood vessels
136
What happens in the Proliferative phase?
- new tissue & blood vessels are built, the wound surface is covered.
The body begins to rebuild damaged tissue by generating new tissue & blood vessels. Fibroblasts produce collagen (neo collagenesis) to form the ECM & epithelial cells cover the wound surface.
Fibroblasts proliferating & subcutaneous fat
137
What happens in the Remodeling phase?
- Collagen restructured & strengthened. Type 3 is turned into type 1 for strength. Wound size reduces.
The collagen that was laid down in the proliferation phase is restructured & strengthened. Type 3 collagen is replaced by Type 1, aiding in strength. Wound size reduces.
Freshly healed epidermis & freshly healed dermis
138
What is neocollagenesis?
The formation of new collagen during the proliferation phase
139
What is the ECM?
Extracellular matrix is like scaffolding, it allows cells to rebuild tissue, form blood vessels & restore the skin barrier
140
What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
Loose connective tissue
141
What does the dermis do?
Supports & nourishes the outer skin layer
142
What is 2 tissues are in the Hypodermis?
Adipose (connective) & Areolar (loose connective)
143
What does the hypodermis do?
Provides insulation & cushioning
Stores energy in the form of fat
Anchors the skin to underlying tissues and organs
144
What does adipose tissue do?
Stores energy, provides insulation & aids in body temperature regulation
145
What does Areolar Tissue do?
Supports and connects various tissues, allowing for flexibility & elasticity
146
What is desquamation?
Natural process of shedding dead skin cells from the stratum corneum (outer most layer)
147
What is the Integumentary System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Protects the body, regulates temp & senses surroundings.
(Skin, hair & nails)
Ensures we chose the right products & treatments for protection, hydration & rejuvenation
148
What is the Endocrine System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Regulates body functions through hormone secretion. (Glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes)
Helps us tailor treatments to meet the skin needs
149
What is the Lymphatic System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Removed waste from the body & supports immune system. (Lymph nodes, lymph vessels & spleen)
Well functioning lymph system helps reduce puffiness & enhances skin glow
150
What is the circulatory System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Transport oxygen, nutrients and waste through blood. (Heart, vessels & blood)
Ensuring proper skin nourishment & healing
151
What is the Excretory System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Removes waste & toxins from the body. (Kidneys, liver & bladder)
The clearance of toxins affects skin health, a properly functioning system leads to clearer skin
152
What is the Muscular System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Enables movement & maintains posture.
(Involuntary & voluntary muscles)
Facial muscles play a significant role in expressions & skin elasticity
153
What is the Nervous System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Controls bodily functions and responds to internal & external stimuli. (Brain, spine, nerves)
Ensures we use the appropriate pressure during treatments for relaxation & pain management ment
154
What is the Respiratory System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Supplies oxygen & removes carbon dioxide. (Lungs, diaphragm)
Oxygenation impacts skin vitality & cell regeneration. Help us tailor treatments to make them more effective
155
What is the Skeletal System & how does it affect esthetician’s?
Supports the body & protects organs. (Bones, Joints, Cartilage)
Helps us in sculpting & contouring facial treatments for anti-aging & facial symmetry
