Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy & physiology 101 > final study cards > Flashcards

final study cards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary and secondary organs of the lymphatic system, and

A

Primary lymphoid organs: These organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs: These organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is atrophy?

A

Progressive degeneration or shrinkage of muscle or nerve tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what lymphatic organ goes through atrophy?

A

The thymus. Thymic atrophy occurs with age or as a result of .infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

A

the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which lymphatic vessels drain different parts of the body.

A

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. The right duct drains most of the right upper quadrant whereas the thoracic duct drains the lower body including the extremities and abdomen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The palatine tonsils are also known as what?

A

The palatine (or faucial) tonsils, commonly referred to as tonsils, are located in the lateral oropharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do t-lymphocytes mature?

A

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are macrophages in the liver called?

A

In the liver, macrophages are called Kupffer cells. They line blood vessels in the liver and maintain iron levels and clear away endotoxins produced by gut bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A plasma cell is an activated _______________ cell?

A

B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the MHC complex important for?

A

The MHC complex is necessary for cell self-recognition and the prevention of the immune system targeting its own cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Know the immunoglobulins and what each is important for/where they are found.

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) - found in blood and other bodily fluids
Immunoglobulin M - found in blood and lymph fluid
Immunoglobulin D - found on the surface of B lymphocytes
IgE - found in lymph nodes
Immunoglobulin a ( IgA) - found in the lining of the respiratory tract and digestive tract. tears, spit, and breast milk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions / structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nasal septum structure.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the paired (2) and unpaired (1) cartilages that make up the larynx?

A

The three unpaired cartilages are the epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid. The paired cartilages comprise of the arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms, and tritiates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cell produces surfactant in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Understand the differences between pressure in and outside the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs is called what?

A

Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Know the order that food passes through the digestive tract structures.

A
19
Q

Where is the lesser and greater omentum located?

A

The greater omentum attaches the stomach to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum attaches the stomach and the duodenum to the liver.

20
Q

Anatomy of a tooth.

A

crown, enamel, dentin, pulp cavity

21
Q

Location of salivary glands.

A

parotid - back of mouth
sublingual
submandibular

22
Q

What cells produce hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, insulin, and intrinsic factor?

A

hydrochloric acid - parietal cells in the stomach
Pepsinogen - Gastric chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
Insulin - Beta cells in the pancreas
Intrinsic factor - parietal cells in the stomach lining

23
Q

What vitamin is produced by bacteria in the colon?

A

Up to half of the daily Vitamin K requirement is provided by gut bacteria

24
Q

Where specifically in the cell does glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), and electron transport chain occur?

A

glycolysis - the cytosol of the cell
Krebs cycle - the mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain - the mitochondria

25
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

To filter blood and create urine as a waste product.

26
Q

what is the function of the reproduction system?

A

To ensure the survival of a species.

27
Q

Know what each function is of the various structures in the urinary system.

A
28
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A nephron is a filtering unit found in the kidney.

29
Q

Know the order that filtrate travels through the nephron.

A
30
Q

Know the order of blood flow into and out of the nephron.

A

The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.

31
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

A

The glomerulus

32
Q

What region of the nephron is water impermeable? Cannot pass through?

A

Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

33
Q

Where are most substances absorbed in the nephron? Which part is considered the “work house”?

A

The majority of water reabsorption that occurs in the nephron is facilitated by the AQPs.

34
Q

ADH works to absorb water in which region of the nephron?

A

ADH acts upon the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules of nephrons to increase water reabsorption.

35
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is mostly found in the vascular endothelium of the lungs and kidneys.

36
Q

When is the blood pH considered acidosis and alkalosis?

A

The blood is considered alkaline when its pH is above 7.45 and acidic when the pH is below 7.35.

37
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

38
Q

What is the name for maturation of an egg cell?

A

oogenesis, in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum.

39
Q

Sex cells are also known as?

A

Sex cells are also called reproductive cells or gametes.

40
Q

Sex organs are also known as?

A

The sexual organs are called the gonads. Both sexes have gonads: In females, the ovaries, which make female gametes (eggs). The male gonads make male gametes (sperm).

41
Q

What is the word that describes the start of a woman’s menses? The end? The absence?

A

menarche (the start), menopause (the end), amenorrhea (the absence)

42
Q

Structures/functions of male and female reproductive systems.

A
43
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

In an average 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation typically occurs about 14 days before the start of the next menstrual period.

44
Q

Be able to label the various structures of the male/female reproductive systems.

A

anatomy & physiology 101 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions