Final Study Guide Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What is the 3-0 god problem
A
You can make two of the Omni stick but the third won’t
2
Q
Omnipontent means
A
All powerful
3
Q
Omniscient
A
All wise
4
Q
Omnibenevolent
A
All good
5
Q
Theology
A
The study or science of god
6
Q
Principles of reason (rules of inference)
A
Principles that define the limits of rationality by their very structure and that can not be rationally refutes since we rely on them in order to reason
7
Q
Law of contradiction
A
No statement can be both true and false at the same time and under the same conditions
8
Q
Scholasticism
A
Mainstream christian philosophy in medieval Europe
9
Q
Argument from motion
A
Motion must be given to each object by some other object that is already moving
10
Q
Cosmological argument
A
World, universe, or orderly structure
11
Q
Argument from necessity
A
The argument between those whose existence is only contingent or possible and those whose existence is necessary
12
Q
Principle of sufficient reason
A
Nothing happens without a reason
13
Q
Principle of plenitude
A
Metaphysical principle that given infinity and the richness of the universe any real possibility must occur at least once
14
Q
Argument from gradation
A
Metaphysical concept of hierarchy of souls
15
Q
Teleological argument
A
Argument from design , most widely known argument for the existence of god
16
Q
Problem of evil
A
The 3-0 god problem, god cannot be all good and all wise while still being all powerful
17
Q
Regulative ideas
A
How knowledge and experiences are shaped structured or formed
18
Q
Kantian idealism
A
Knowledge is the result of interaction between mind and sensation
19
Q
Critical philosophy
A
Asses the nature and limits of “pure reason”
20
Q
Phenomenal reality
A
The world as we experience it
21
Q
Noumenal reality
A
Reality as it is independent if our perceptions
22
Q
Theoretical reason
A
Function of reason confined to the empirical phenomenal world
23
Q
Practical reason
A
A moral function of reason that produces religious feelings and intuitions based on knowledge of moral conduct
24
Q
Hypothetical imperatives
A
Propositions that tell us what to do under specific variable conditions
25
Categorical imperatives
A common that is universally binding all rational creatures
26
Practical imperative
Formulate the categorical imperative around the concept of dignity
27
Thought experiment
Using our imaginations to test a hypothesis that cannot be tested in fact
28
Original position
identify the fundament principles of justice from an objective, impartial perspective
29
The veil of ignorance
A way of adopting an objective perspective
30
Kant fully understood______
The serious implications of the scandal in philosophy
31
What did the scandal in philosophy result from
Hume’s devastating use of empirical criterion of meaning and the failure of rationalism and empiricism to adequately account for knowledge of the external world, cause and effect, and knowledge in her aerial while science clearly showed otherwise
32
What did Kant develop
Critique
33
What is a critique
Combined reason and experience in order to avoid the errors of rationalism and empiricism
34
What does critical philosophy attempt to do
Discover whether a priori knowledge and metaphysics are possible
35
What did Kant claim about knowledge
It is formed by actual experiences and faculties of judgments called categories of understanding
36
How do we know reality
As it is organized by human understanding, not reality as it is
37
What two types of reason does Kant distinguish between
Theoretical and practical
38
Moral rules cannot be discovered ___
Empirically
39
Reason_____
Imposes moral obligation
40
Reason reveals
That morality is a matter of moral duty rather than consequences
41
Moral duty must
Be confined to considerations of the form
42
The moral quality of an act is determined by
The principle in which the will consciously assents
43
Moral obligations are not
Hypothetical and independent on individual circumstances
44
What did Kant call the universal command that infuses all moral obligations
Categorical imperative
45
What does the special formation of the categorical imperative do
Shows not to use people as a means to an end
46
Psychological hedonism
Pain and pleasure determine what we shall do
47
Ethical hedonism
Pain and pleasure alone point out what we ought to do
48
Principle of utility
Act always to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number
49
Altruism
The capacity to promote the welfare of others
50
How did Jermey Bentham resurrect hedonism
By adding a social component; if pleasure is good, more pleasure is better
51
Who introduced the greatest happiness principle
Bentham
52
What did the greatest happiness principle challenge
The conservative ruling class of Britain
53
What was Bentham’s philosophy
Utilitarianism
54
Benthams philosophy was an attempt to do what
Avoid errors of irrelevant metaphysical theories
55
What did Bentham’s calculus do
It was a crude method of reducing issues to a simple calculation of pleasure v. pain
56
What did Bentham try to take advantage of
Our natural ego
57
How did Bentham try to take advantage of our natural ego
By showing that our own welfare depends on the welfare of our community
58
What is the egoistic hook
The appeal to self-interest as a way of improving overall social conditions
59
Who did Bentham apply the pleasure principle to
Any creature with the capacity to suffer
60
Suffering makes
Moral claims on us whether or not the sufferer can reason
61
Who coined the term utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
62
How did Mill and Benthams philosophy differ
Mills concept was more complex and extended beyond concern with pleasure
63
Mill used empirical bias to support what
Refined pleasures are better than crude ones
64
Who preferred refined pleasures over crude ones
Those familiar with both (refined and crude)
65
What did Mill disagree with Bentham on
That all motives are egotistic
66
What where the products of poor education and harsh conditions according to Mill
Altruism feeling and ignorance of higher pleasures
67
According to Mill what are the causes of unhappiness
Selfishness and lack of metal cultivation
68
What can cure selfishness and lack of mental cultivation
Proper education and legislation
69
Absolute idealism
The only way the mind can be recognized is as “continuously developing consciousness”
70
Dialectic
The three step pattern in which an original idea (thesis) is opposed by a contrary idea (antithesis). This produces a new idea that combines both elements (synthesis)
71
Dialectical process
Progress occurs as the result of a struggle between two opposing conditions
72
Bourgeoise
The owners
73
Proletariat
The producers
74
Economic
Complete array of social relationships and arrangements that constitutes a particular social order
75
Substructure of society
Contains the three means of production
76
Means of production
Natural resources
77
Forces of production
Factories, tech, knowledge, and skill
78
Relationships of production
Who does what
Who owns what
The effects of this division on each group
79
Superstructure of society
Economics (substructure) drives ideas, art, religion, and philosophy (superstructure)
80
Capitalism
Means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit under competitive conditions
81
Surplus value
Capital accumulated by owners
82
Co-opted
When worked identify with the sunset that oppresses them
83
Alienated
Knowing you are being taken advantage of
84
Exploited
Not knowing you are being taken advantage of
85
Eudaimonia
Fully aware
86
Species-life
Fully human life lived productively and consciously; not alienated
87
Alienated life
Unconscious and unfulfilled life
88
Historical materialism
The view that history is the ongoing result of a dialectical process
89
What is the drive for the synthesis becoming the new thesis always
Constant tension between the exploiters and the exploited
90
What are Marx’s five epochs of history that constitute the dialectical development of history
Primitive/communal
Slave
Feudal
Capitalist
Socialist/communist
91
What shapes values and thinking according to Marx
Material conditions and social relations
92
Marx argued that the economic structure of a culture does what
Creates and forms its own ideas
93
How did Marx view capitalism
A stage on the way to a classless socialistic economy
94
the demand of the bourgeoisie would do what
Result in an ever-growing proletariat whose living conditions would only decline until they revolted
95
What is the destructive feature of captitalism
Alienation
96
Nietzsche was not a
Nazi
Misogynist
Nihilist (someone who doesn’t have values)
97
Nietzsche was
Miso-theist (hater of god)
Elitist (only way to live life to the fullest)
Philosophically post modernistic
Prophetic
98
Modernity
Nineteenth and twentieth century
99
Pessimism
Life is disappointing and for ever satisfied desire, ten new unsatisfied ones emerge
100
Will to power
Universal desire to control others and impose our values on them
101
Tragic optimism
Sense of joy and ability that accompanies a superior individuals clear-sighted imposition of his/her own freely chosen values on a meaningless world
102
Nietzschean perspectives
Contention that every view is only one among many other possible interpretations
103
Anti-philosopher
Radical critic of certain teachings and foundational doctrines of modern science and philosophy who disputes the possibility of objectivity and universality
104
Scientism
Methods of natural science apply to all areas of knowledge
105
Moralistic
Expressing common place moral sentiments that conflict with ones behavior and equating moral sentimentality with virtuous living
106
Reaction formation
Ego defense mechanism that prevents dangerous desires from being exposed
107
Nihilism
Belief that the universe lacks meaning and purpose
108
Overman
A more than human being that will emerge only by overcoming the false idols of conventional morality and religion
109
Herd man
A person who cannot face being alone in a godless universe
110
Slave morality
A value system based on guilt, fear, and a distortion to the will to power
111
Master morality
Code of honor
112
Amor fati
Love of our specific fate
113
How did Nietzsche see himself
The first person to recognize the profound sickness at the core of modernity
114
What was Nietzsche’s views on life
An irrational, purposeless striving for a pointless existence
115
What is the basis of meaning according to Nietzsche
Art or aesthetic vision (taste)
116
What does Nietzsche accuse modern western culture
Of being moralistic; a form of hypocrisy that resembles what Freudian psychologists refer to as a reaction formation
117
What does Nietzsche claim he discovered
Death of god
118
What does the death of god lead to
Nihilism
119
What does slave morality create
Inhibitions, false ideals of equality and bad conscience
120
Phenomenology
Focus on concrete experienced facts in order to reveal the essence of human consciousness
121
Ontology
Study of being
122
The they
The enemy of authenticity
123
Idle talk
Chatter, gossip and merely verbal understanding
124
Who did Heidegger study in order to create his own view on phenomenology, ontology and existentialism
Edmund Husserl
125
Husserl saw phenomenology as
Science of beings where it should have been science of Being
126
What is the fundamental human condition according to Heidegger
Concern about our unique condition
127
What does the inquiry into the human exist equate to
Inquiry into the nature of Being
128
Why have most philosophers lost sight of Being according to Heidegger
They have treated detached, calculative thinking as the defining characteristic of being human
129
How do we exist according to Heidegger
Without any explanation no matter how hard we try to make it otherwise
130
How do we escape when the burden and anxiety of the human condition becomes too much
In the “They”
131
When we escape into the “they” what happens to us
Our mode of being becomes inauthentic, the “the”
132
What will ideal talk never rise above
Verbal understanding
133
Technology does what to us
Puts us on standing reserve, a source of energy to be stored to await our beck and call
134
What is the essence of tech
A way of looking at the world as raw material to be used
135
What characterizes and dominates our era
Technology
136
Karma means
Action
137
What are the three kinds of evil in philosophy
Natural - hurricanes, wild fires, etc
Moral - people doing bad/mean things
Metaphysical (combination of natural and moral) - covid coming from a lab in china
138
Deontology
Study of duty
139
Existentialism
Deals with issue around meaning and death
140
Dispassion has to happen so that ____
Others can enjoy pleasure
141
Social Darwinism
Who is at the top is meant to be there
“Survival of the fittest”
