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Egypt of the Pharaohs > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarize the key components of the Old Kingdom.

A
  1. Egypt was a unified territory
  2. Capital city: Memphis; concentration of resources here
  3. Age of the Pyramids
  4. few written sources
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2
Q

Naqada

A

Predynastic town in Upper Egypt famous for archaeological significance

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3
Q

Narmer

A

Unified Upper and Lower Egypt, beginning dynastic rule

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4
Q

The Narmer Palette

A

Depicts him conquering the Nile Delta, chopped off heads, hands are bound, ritual killing of a prisoner, falcon or bull represents king

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5
Q

The Statue of Khasekhemwy

A

Pharaoh of the 2nd Dynasty (period of consolidation)

From a temple enclosure, states he killed 47209 enemies from the north, wearing a white crown (southern Egypt), period where kingship is very insecure

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6
Q

Djoser

A

Pharaoh of the 3rd Dynasty known for commissioning the Step Pyramid at Saqqara

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7
Q

Step Pyramid

A

First stone built pyramid and vast necropolis at Saqqara
Included:
Arena for eternal existence, Jubilee Festival court, stone buildings, ceremonial structures, pyramid with underground burial chamber, burial shafts for royal family members

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8
Q

Khafra

A

Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty; constructed the second-largest pyramid at Giza and the Great Sphinx

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9
Q

Khufu

A

Pharaoh of 4th Dynasty; built the Great Pyramid (largest) at Giza

*Solar boat of Khufu
- made of cedar wood –> proved there was trade bc that is a missing natural resource

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10
Q

The Giza Pyramids

A

3 royal pyramids: Khafra, Khufu, Menkaura (Dynasty 4)

Private mastaba tombs arranged in rows around the pyramids for highest elite members

Extraordinary engineering and architectural prowess; most iconic and enduring symbols of ancient Egypt

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11
Q

Snefru

A

Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty who built the Bent and Red Pyramid (first successful pyramid)

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12
Q

Meidum

A

archaeological site in Lower Egypt containing the collapsed pyramid of Snefru

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13
Q

The Autobiography of Harkhuf

A

OK explorer and official during the 6th Dynasty; local leader at Elephantine, “governor of Upper Egypt”

private tomb inscription containing information about trade, expeditions, and diplomatic relations with Nubia and far south

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14
Q

Autobiography of Qar

A

OK official of the 6th Dynasty

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15
Q

The Jarf Papyrus

A

written by Merer (official)
oldest known papyri with text: during the reign of Khufu detailing the transportation of limestone blocks from quarries to Giza

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16
Q

Autobiography of Weni

A

tomb inscription for high-ranking official and military commander during Dynasty 6 during the late OK: established as powerful elite locally at Abydos

Offices he held include ‘vizier’, ‘overseer of Upper Egypt’, ‘chief judge’; he rose through the ranks of the military and participated in military expeditions into the desert

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17
Q

Why did the Old Kingdom collapse?

A
  1. Long reign of Pepi II (66 years) led to succession problem
  2. Egypt is divided into multiple power centers (ruling from Memphis w/ diminished impact and power)
  3. Series of catastrophically low floods = famine, drought
  4. no monumental building activities
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18
Q

Summarize key components of the First Intermediate Period

A
  1. many sites in the Memphite region are abandoned, especially all the settlements related to upkeep of royal mortuary monuments
  2. concentration of local power and resources in provinces (regional rulers)
  3. local traditions more visible
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19
Q

Tomb of Ankhtifi

A

nomarch during the FIP in Upper Egypt; takes control of the south

inscriptions of the tomb at Mo’alla describe severe famine; mentions trade

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20
Q

Summarize key components of the Middle Kingdom.

A
  1. Reunification after a period of political decentralization under Mentuhotep II
  2. Capital first based in Thebes and then moved north to Lisht
  3. 12th Dynasty: very stable and economically strong period; kings rule for a long time, often in co-regency with their son and heir towards the end of their reigns
  4. Flourishing of literary works
  5. Powerful provincial governors are well established in the provinces (Beni Hasan)
  6. The Fayum region is a focus of building activities exploiting its rich agricultural potential
  7. State-planned towns are large and complex (Lahun)
  8. Trade with Levant is prominent, gradual influx of foreigners settling in the Delta
    Seafaring expeditions to Punt and the Sinai
  9. Control of Lower Nubia through a system of massive forts–tight control of region–in anticipation of growing power in the south → the Kingdom of Kush
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21
Q

Portraits of Senwosret III

A

Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty in the MK; military campaigns in Nubia, expanding borders

trend towards realism; inspire strength, power, authority; not divinity

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22
Q

The Tale of Sinuhe

A

beginning of 12th Dynasty MK
official in the household of Amenemhat I
1. flees Egypt to Levant
2. establishes new life and becomes respected member of foreign community
3. returns to Egypt
4. Senwosret I pardons him

Good foreign relations***

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23
Q

Beni Hasan

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A

necropolis with stone-cut tombs of provincial governors (nomarchs) in the cliffs

Autobiography of Amenemhat
Khumhotep II: Procession of Asiatics = contact with Levant

24
Q

Lahun

Study These Flashcards
A

large, state-planned town that housed workers involved in Senusret II pyramid construction in Fayum

Larger houses had granaries, implying elite fed the locals

25
Karnak
temple complex near Luxor dedicated to Amun-Ra Most important in the NK and later
26
The Kamose Stela
Inscription recounting the military campaign of Pharaoh Kamose against the Hyksos during the SIP Efforts of Theban kings to expel Hyksos and regain control of Egypt + regain control over lower Nubian forts
27
Middle Kingdom Fortresses
Buhen, Nubia Strategic locations to secure trade routes in Nubia → military + economic purposes Fortresses switched from rotating to permanent garrisons, including residences of soldiers, officials, and their families bc of diminished threat and budget Internal layout transformed, private religious practices, Egyptian + Nubian material culture (ceramics)
28
Summarize key elements of the Second Intermediate Period.
POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION In the north: Avaris = Hyksos capital Thebes in southern Egypt: cut off from direct access to the Levant/Mediterranean Kerma: kingdom of Kush in southern Nubia
29
Khayan Sealings
Clay seal impressions attributed to King Khayan = Hyksos ruler in the Second Intermediate Period Found at Tel Edfu→ how far the rule reached (southern/Upper Egypt) Administrative and bureaucratic processes during the Hyksos period written in hieratic
30
Tell el-Dab'a = Avaris
Archaeological site in the eastern Nile Delta → Hyksos capital Egyptian style burials with bodies buried in flexed position and a mix of Egyptian and foreign grave goods A mix of foreign weapons from the Levant and Egyptian objects (scarabs, pottery) Objects from Syria, Crete, Aegean, Levant, Egypt
31
Summarize the key components of the New Kingdom.
1. Re-unification of the country by kings ruling from Thebes starting the 18th after Kamose war with the Hyksos 2. Military campaigns: Controlling the southern Levant and reconquering Lower Nubia **Battle of Megiddo under Thutmose III: defeats Canaanite forces for Fertile Crescent 4. Move towards diplomacy and exchange under Amenhotep III→ the “golden age”
32
Luxor Temple
Built by Amenhotep III (18) with additions by Tut and Ramessess II Dedicated to Theban Triad: Amun, Mut, Khonsu More you progress into the temple, the more hidden and the more holy the spaces get → sanctuary Divine birth myth: Amun and the queen Mutemwia have Amenhotep III
33
The Abydos King List
List of pharaohs from predynastic to NK found at the Temple of Seti I in Abydos Seti I and Ramesses II on the way to make an offering to Osiris on behalf of 72 ancestors
34
Hittites
main power in the Near East during the NK military: chariots, iron weapons Battle of Kadesh: Ramesses II
35
Deir el-Bahri
Complex of mortuary temples and tombs on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, including Hatshepsut’s temple
36
Hatshepsut
One of the few female pharaohs from co-regency with Thutmose III; architectural achievement and trade (expedition to Punt to obtain incense, ivory, eobony, gold, exotic animals) Adopts male pharaonic portraiture to legitimize her rule (crown, kilt)
37
Poetical Stela of Thutmose II
Karnak Temple complex in Luxor pharaoh's divine vision and interaction with Amun-Ra endorsed Hatshepsut's reign
38
The Valley of Kings
ancient necropolis on the west bank of the Nile in Luxor 60+ rock-cut tombs of numerous pharaohs of the NK
39
Dendera Temple
Built during the Ptolemaic era dedicated to the goddess Hathor and her son, Horus zodiac ceiling; celestial events guided human destiny
40
Ramessess II
Ramesses the Great: 19th Dynasty NK, reigned for 66 years Battled the Hittites (Kadesh), Libyans, Nubians Ramesseum = mortuary temple
41
Key components of the Amarna Period.
1. Shift towards monotheistic worship of Aten 2. Art depicted more naturalistic and elongated figures **Aten was androgynous, king’s figure feminized but distinct from female figures 3. Shift towards intimate snapshots of family life and softer, less muscular poses in natural settings; women more prominent role from traditional: stiff, standard positions; military prowess 4. New capital city: Akhetaten (Amarna)
42
The Amarna Letters
Collection of clay tablets containing diplomatic correspondence between various rulers (Hittites, Assyria/Babylon, Canaanite) and Egyptian pharaohs during the Amarna Period spans 30 years: Amenhotep III to Tutankhamun Writing to Babylonian kings Cuneiform script, Akkadian language
43
Eternal Treaty
peace agreement between Hittites and Egyptians during Ramessess II reign following the Battle of Kadesh
44
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
Pharaoh known for temporary shift to monotheistic worship of Aten Acts as the sole intermediary between people and gods→ everyone worships him Colossal size, quartzite → divine, kingly form
45
Nefertiti
Queen and wife of Akhenaten → iconic bust discovered in Amarna Religious reforms; enigmatic figure in history
46
Key components of the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period
war combined with famine/drought ended NK 400 years of politically divided rule and diffused power 1. invasions from the Sea Peoples 2. Libyan and Nubian influence 3. Persian control
47
The Report of Wenamun
from later part of NK first person narration of the journey to Levant to wood for the ship of the god Amun
48
Serapeum of Saqqara at Memphis
necropolis for sacred bulls of the Apis cult believed that the bulls were the incarnation of the god Ptah
49
Victory Stela of Piye
king of Kush (Nubia) that conquered the south of Egypt during the TIP
50
Cleopatra VII
Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, skilled diplomat, multiple languages Relationship with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony became highly influential, marking the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty and Egypt’s seizure by Rome
51
Rosetta Stone
Stone stele inscribed with a decree issued during the reign of Ptolemy V in three scripts: hieroglyphics, demotic script, and ancient Greek Allowed us to translate hieroglyphs Decree of priesthood in Egypt saying kings are great in exchange for no taxes
52
Satrap Stela
Record of donation by Ptolemy I (ruling by regency) to priests, Hellenistic Empire, trash Xerxes and the Persian rule
53
Philae Temple
Island in the Nile River dedicated to Isis, Osiris and Horus; built during Ptolemy II Religious center during Ptolemaic + Roman periods
54
Edfu
"Temple of Horus" built in Upper Egypt during the Ptolemaic period Began with Ptolemy III, finished 200 years later with Ptolemy XII
55
The Pyramid Texts
funerary texts; Old Kingdom; rulers only; spells; guiding the spirit in the afterlife Coffin texts (FIP) Book of the Dead (NK)

Egypt of the Pharaohs (1 decks)

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