Final Study Guide

Question 1

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 1

passed by Federalists during John Adams’ presidency to silence Democratic-Republicans; Alien Act targeted immigrants; Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government in print, which violated the 1st Amendment

Question 2

Election of 1800

Answer 2

tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (both Democratic-Republicans) in the Electoral College; presidency was decided by the House of Representatives, who chose Jefferson on the 36th vote

Question 3

Jefferson’s beliefs about government

Answer 3

Jefferson believed in a smaller federal government and was against government debt; he reduced the number of federal employees and reduced the military

Question 4

Marbury vs. Madison

Answer 4

Supreme Court case that established judicial review by declaring a law unconstitutional for the first time

Question 5

John Marshall

Answer 5

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for many years and led the court in upholding federal power; presided over Marbury v. Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Worcester v. Georgia

Question 6

Louisiana Purchase -Constitutional concerns

Answer 6

President Jefferson held a strict interpretation of the Constitution, so he was not sure if he had the authority to purchase the Louisiana Territory because the power for a president to buy land was not stated in the Constitution

Question 7

Louisiana Purchase - details of acquisition

Answer 7

U.S. bought it from France in 1803 for $15 million (3 cents an acre); France’s leader, Napoleon, was willing to sell it because he needed quick money to pay for his war with Britain.

Question 8

Louisiana Purchase - Geographic area

Answer 8

land west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; included the city of New Orleans (which was an important port); explored by Lewis and Clark with the help of Sacajawea

Question 9

War of 1812 Causes

Answer 9

I - Impressment of US sailors by the British
S - Ships were being attacked
S - Supplying Native Americans in Northwest Territory

Question 10

War of 1812 Effects

Answer 10

W - Weakened Native resistance making it easier for US settlers to expand West
I - Industry increased (as a result of the naval blockade in the Atlantic)
N - Nationalism/patriotism increased - US stood up against the British and held its own

Question 11

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 11

statement issued by President Monroe telling European countries that the Western Hemisphere (the Americas) was closed to future colonization; US became the protector of the Americas (North & South)

Question 12

Missouri Compromise

Answer 12

written by Henry Clay to maintain the balance of free and slave states in Congress; Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state; it also banned slavery North of the 36°30ˊ latitude

Question 13

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Answer 13

Supreme Court ruled the federal government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce (trade between states); gave more power to the federal government

Question 14

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Answer 14

Supreme Court ruled a state can’t tax its branch of the national bank; upheld federal authority over state

Question 15

Cotton Gin

Answer 15

Eli Whitney; allowed for cotton to be cleaned at a much quicker pace; resulted in an increase in the planting of cotton, which led to a much larger demand for enslaved labor

Question 16

Telegraph

Answer 16

Samuel F.B. Morse; allowed people to communicate over long distances; increased national unity

Question 17

Steamboat

Answer 17

Robert Fulton; allowed much quicker travel (including upstream); increased national unity

Question 18

Steel Plow

Answer 18

John Deere; resulted in more efficient farming

Question 19

Jacksonian Democracy

Answer 19

the idea of spreading political power to “common man” – most states no longer required property ownership to vote (did still have to be a white man). Jackson was supported by farmers and factory workers and his election in 1828; put an end to the idea that the government should be run by an educated elite.

Question 20

Democratic Party

Answer 20

After Jackson lost the election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams (which he blamed on the “corrupt bargain”) the Era of Good Feelings was over and the Democratic Republican Party split. Jackson’s supporters became known as the Democrats

Question 21

Whig Party

Answer 21

formed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents who were against the concentration of power in the chief executive (they felt like Jackson had too much power as a president)

Question 22

Dealing with the National Bank

Answer 22

Jackson vetoed the renewal of the bank’s charter, saying that the bank was unconstitutional. In an attempt to run the bank out of business before its charter ended, Jackson withdrew government money from the national bank and had it deposited in state banks. The national bank went out of business, which was a victory for Jackson and his supporters but this contributed to a bad economic future.

Question 23

Dealing with the Supreme Court

Answer 23

Jackson said the national bank unconstitutional even though the Supreme Court had already upheld it in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland; he also refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s ruling in Worcester v. Georgia

Question 24

Spoils System

Answer 24

giving government jobs to political backers (Jackson was criticized for doing this)

Question 25

Trail of Tears

Answer 25

the forced journey of the Cherokee from Georgia to the Indian Territory; thousands died on this harsh march

Question 26

Worcester vs. Georgia

Answer 26

Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government could deal with Indian Nations so Georgia state laws to move them out were invalid. Jackson’s response was “John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.” Eventually Congress would enforce the Indian Removal Act and the Cherokees would be forced to leave.

Question 27

Inflation

Answer 27

an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money

Question 28

Tariff of Abominations -Reason for southern outrage

Answer 28

This 1828 tariff raised the price of imported goods. Southerners were angry because they were selling cotton at low prices and having to pay high prices for imported manufactured goods due to their trade agreements with European nations (cotton for credit). Southerners felt like the Northeast was controlling national policy when it came to economics. The Southerners gave this tariff the nickname “tariff of abominations.”

Question 29

Tariff of Abominations - Southern Response

Answer 29

South Carolina especially hated the tariff and even began talk of secession. John C. Calhoun (Vice-President of the U.S. and from South Carolina) proposed a way for South Carolina to remain in the Union: the Doctrine of Nullification. He said that a state should be able to void a federal law within its borders if it so chooses. Nullification is an extreme form of states’ rights.

Question 30

Webster-Hayne Debate

Answer 30

debate over the doctrine of states’ rights/nullification, which centered on whether or not a state has the right to reject a national law. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Massachusetts, argued against nullification. Robert Hayne, a senator from South Carolina, argued for nullification. Webster said that the Union is made up of people not states.

Question 31

James K. Polk

Answer 31

U.S. president during Mexican-American War; after Texas was annexed, he sent troops to disputed border area of the Rio Grande River; when troops were ambushed by Mexican soldiers, Polk asked Congress to declare war against Mexico

Question 32

Manifest Destiny

Answer 32

term coined by journalist John O’Sullivan; the commonly held belief that westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean was not only good but it was bound to happen (inevitable)

Question 33

Acquisition of Oregon Territory

Answer 33

U.S. and Great Britain both claimed the Oregon Territory; rather than go to war over it, they agreed to split it at the 49th parallel

Question 34

Mexican Cession

Answer 34

large area of land received by the U.S. as a result of the Mexican War (includes present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado)

Question 35

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Answer 35

treaty that ended the Mexican War; gave Mexican Cession to U.S

Question 36

Gadsden Purchase

Answer 36

bought from Mexico to build a transcontinental railroad; completed the continental United States.

Question 37

California Gold Rush

Answer 37

Gold was discovered in California, thousands of people “rushed” there, including many Chinese immigrants. A “49er” was a miner who went to California to take part in the gold rush (in the year 1849). California’s population grew so rapidly it was able to apply for statehood by 1850.

Question 38

Themes of American art and literature in the 1830s and 1840s

Answer 38

There was a shift in American art, literature, and philosophy. Artists, including those from the Hudson River School, began to depict nature and the American landscape (westward movement) . In literature, writers began to celebrate the history of America, writing about its past. American slang and spellings began to be used.

Question 39

Transcendentalism

Answer 39

a new American philosophy; Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were American writers who belonged to this school of thought. They wrote that the spiritual world is more important than the material world and that people can find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition.

Question 40

What did Henry David Thoreau

Answer 40

Thoreau wrote of the importance of individual conscience. He urged people to not obey laws that they consider to be unjust. However, instead of using violence to protest these laws, they should do it peacefully. This is called civil disobedience. Thoreau did not support the U.S. government’s allowance of slavery and its war with Mexico, so Thoreau refused to pay his taxes. He was jailed for a short time because of this.

Question 41

Abolition

Answer 41

the movement to end slavery. By 1804 most Northern states had outlawed slavery, and the U.S. Congress outlawed the importation of African slaves in 1807. Abolitionists began to demand an end to slavery in the South.

Question 42

Frederick Douglass

Answer 42

A former slave, Douglass became famous for his eloquent speeches against slavery. His autobiography became a bestseller and a landmark achievement in the fight against slavery.

Question 43

Sojourner Truth

Answer 43

a former slave who drew huge crowds in the North with her anti-slavery speeches

Question 44

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 44

a white Northerner who published an antislavery newspaper called The Liberator

Question 45

Underground Railroad

Answer 45

Some abolitionists helped slaves escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad, a series of escape routes to help slaves go from the South to the North. The runaways usually traveled by night and hid by day. A former slave named Harriet Tubman was a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad. She led 19 journeys to help slaves reach freedom.

Question 46

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 46

the first woman's rights convention in America; it called for legal and political rights; it was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrecia Mott and held in Seneca Falls, NY

Question 47

Goals/results of Reform movements

Answer 47

Temperance – wanted to limit / ban the drinking of alcohol Education –led to more public high schools but opportunities still limited for women & African Americans -leader: Horace Mann Workers’ Rights – began to form unions to demand higher wages and better conditions Mentally Ill – wanted mentally ill removed from prisons; hospitals were built - leader: Dorthea Dix

Question 48

Northern Economy

Answer 48

The Northern economy was based on manufacturing and commerce. The North underwent industrialization because they were close to ports and rivers which were needed for factories. They also had a willing labor force, fueled in part by the increase of immigrants. The construction of canals, roads, and rail lines in the North also contributed to the growth of Northern industrialization.

Question 49

Southern Economy

Answer 49

The Southern economy was based on agriculture/plantation farming. Because of the warm climate and fertile soil, farming was the basis of the economy. With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton production and the demand for enslaved labor increased in the South.

Question 50

Compromise of 1850

Answer 50

Congressional agreement that contained the following provisions: California would enter the Union as a free state The slave trade would be banned in Washington, D.C. No laws would be passed banning slavery in the lands gained from the Mexican War The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed in order to help slave owners capture runaways

Question 51

Fugitive Slave Act

Answer 51

controversial law that helped slave owners capture runaway slaves; passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 in order to please the South

Question 52

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 52

Congressional law (written by Stephen A. Douglas) in 1854 that said the issue of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories would be decided by popular sovereignty; this law overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which had banned slavery in those areas

Question 53

Bleeding Kansas

Answer 53

nickname given to Kansas during the 1850s as fighting broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people as they tried to establish the Kansas government; the fighting turned violent as hundreds were killed over the course of three years

Question 54

John Brown

Answer 54

radical abolitionist who was involved in the murder of five people in Kansas; John Brown eventually attempted to capture a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. During the raid, Brown was taken into custody. He was found guilty by the federal government and executed, which caused outrage in the North.

Question 55

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

Answer 55

Supreme Court case in which Dred Scott, a slave who had been taken to live in a territory in which slavery had been banned, was suing for his freedom upon the death of his owner; the Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott, stating that slaves are property (not citizens) and that the 5th Amendment of the Constitution protects property rights, therefore Congress could not ban slavery in the territories

Question 56

Lincoln – Douglas debates

Answer 56

debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for an Illinois Senate seat in 1858 (Stephen won the election)

Question 57

Lincoln’s position on slavery in the debates

Answer 57

Lincoln said that he would not ban slavery where it already existed (the Southern states), but that slavery should not be allowed to spread into the territories

Question 58

Douglas’ position on slavery in the debates

Answer 58

Douglas said that slavery in the territories should be decided by allowing people to vote for or against it (popular sovereignty)

Question 59

Presidential election of 1860

Answer 59

Slavery was the dominant issue during the election. Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won.

Question 60

Southern response to the 1860 election

Answer 60

The South believed that Lincoln would outlaw slavery. South Carolina seceded after the election, with more Southern states soon following. They formed the Confederate States of America.

Question 61

Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address

Answer 61

stated his main goal was to preserve the Union; “we are not enemies but friends”; continued to state he did not intend to abolish slavery where it already existed; also said he did not intend to invade the South

Question 62

Fort Sumter

Answer 62

U.S. federal fort in South Carolina; when Lincoln stated that he would re-supply the fort; Confederates opened fire on the fort before supplies arrived and the federal troops inside were forced to surrender; first shots of the Civil War

Question 63

Anaconda Plan

Answer 63

North’s strategy to “squeeze” the Southern economy - naval blockade of the South’s coastline, which would prevent the South imports and exports & take control of the Mississippi River, which would cut the Confederacy in two.

Question 64

Southern Strategy

Answer 64

stay on defense and “Cotton Diplomacy” – withhold cotton from Europe until they join as allies (didn't work)

Question 65

Northern Advantages during the war

Answer 65

- over double the population - 85% of the factories - doubled the railroad lines - most of the naval power and shipyards - Abraham Lincoln as leader

Question 66

Southern advantages during the war

Answer 66

- excellent generals, such as Robert E. Lee - advantage of fighting a defensive war, so supply lines are not stretched - motivation to fight, because they were defending their homes

Question 67

ironclads and miníe balls and their effects

Answer 67

rifles that used minie balls contributed to such a high casualty rate in the war. The rifles could shoot farther and with more accuracy. Ironclads were warships covered with iron.

Question 68

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 68

issued by Lincoln to free the slaves in the states in rebellion and encouraged them to flee their plantations, work for wages, join the Union army, etc.; changed the focus of the war to the abolition of slavery

Question 69

Why it was constitutional

Answer 69

Lincoln issued this as a military act of war in order to try to weaken the South. Because the Constitution declares the president to be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, Lincoln’s actions were constitutional.

Question 70

Define conscription

Answer 70

military draft; required military service

Question 71

How Lincoln handled Northern opposition

Answer 71

Lincoln had war protestors arrested and held in jail without formal charges of a crime (suspended the writ of habeas corpus); this act was viewed by his critics as unconstitutional Lincoln had war protestors arrested and held in jail without formal charges of a crime (suspended the writ of habeas corpus); this act was viewed by his critics as unconstitutional

Question 72

How the North financed the war

Answer 72

the North issued greenbacks, which were a new paper currency, and started an income tax

Question 73

Antietam

Answer 73

"Bloodiest Day in US History” - most casualties in a single day of combat; battle fought in Maryland the first time Lee invaded the North; Union General George McClellan was fired for not pursuing the retreating Confederates at the end of the battle

Question 74

Gettysburg (battle)

Answer 74

occurred in Pennsylvania the second time Lee invaded the North; North won the three day battle after the failed “Pickett's Charge” by the Confederates; Gettysburg is considered a turning point of the war since Lee lost ⅓ of his army there

Question 75

Gettysburg Address

Answer 75

speech made by Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the battleground -Foundational principles referenced – Lincoln says our nation was founded on liberty and equality (all men are equal) –What is at stake in the war? – can a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality survive?

Question 76

William T. Sherman

Answer 76

Union general that was responsible for carrying out total war in the Deep South – destroying any and all things that might aid the enemy, including destroying railroad lines, destroying crops, burning and looting towns

Question 77

Robert E. Lee

Answer 77

commander of Confederate troops; fought for the CSA in order to defend his home state of Virginia

Question 78

Jefferson Davis

Answer 78

president of the Confederate States of America

Question 79

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 79

Union General in the West at the start of the war, which meant he was responsible for trying to secure the Mississippi River and the surrounding areas; promoted to general over all Union troops after victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi

Question 80

Appomattox Court House, VA

Answer 80

location where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865

Question 81

Reconstruction

Answer 81

the process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union from 1865-1877.

Question 82

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Answer 82

passed by Radical Republicans over Johnson’s veto; divided the South into 5 military districts. Before the Southern states could re-enter the Union, they would have to approve new state constitutions that gave the right to vote to ALL men and ratify the 14th Amendment.

Question 83

President Andrew Johnson

Answer 83

president after Lincoln; he was impeached in 1868 for violating the Tenure in Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval; he was found not guilty in his impeachment trial, so he was not removed from office

Question 84

Radical Republicans

Answer 84

members of Congress who wanted the federal government to play an active role in remaking Southern politics and society, including full and equal citizenship for African Americans. They wanted political equality for all citizens.

Question 85

13th Amendment

Answer 85

Abolished slavery in the United States

Question 86

14th Amendment

Answer 86

Granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S.

Question 87

15th Amendment

Answer 87

Said that voting rights could not be denied on the basis of race - The South continued to limit African Americans right to vote by passing laws allowed states to deny blacks the right to vote based things other than race - literacy tests & poll taxes

Question 88

President Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 88

president after Andrew Johnson; he urged Congress to pass an anti-KKK bill. His advisors were charged with corruption, which split the Republican Party. This split, along with a financial panic in 1873 weakened the Republican Party and their Reconstruction efforts.

Question 89

KKK

Answer 89

secret organization formed by former Confederates. Their goal was to restore Democratic control of the South and to keep former slaves powerless. They attacked African Americans, including beating people, burning homes, and even lynching some (killing them). They also tried to keep Republicans away from the polls so that the Democrats could regain political power in the South.

Question 90

Jim Crow laws

Answer 90

laws that allowed for segregation (the forced separation of whites and blacks) in public places in the South

Question 91

End of Reconstruction

Answer 91

Compromise of 1877 - A contested presidential election in 1876 left the election up to a special commission of legislators. Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican, was named President in exchange for: 1. All remaining federal troops would be removed from the South. 2. The federal government would give funding for internal improvements (railroads, etc.) in the South. 3. Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet.

Question 92

Sharecropping

Answer 92

agriculture that left most sharecroppers in a cycle of debt because farmers were forced to use credit buy supplies

Question 93

Freedmen's Bureau

Answer 93

federal bureau created to assist former slaves including the establishment of schools in the South

Question 94

Hiram Rhodes Revels

Answer 94

first African-American to serve in the United States Congress