Final Study Guide

Question 1

What is represented by “Max” in a boxplot?

Answer 1

The maximum value.

Question 2

What is represented by “Q3” in a boxplot?

Answer 2

The 75th percentile.

Question 3

What is represented by “Q2” in a boxplot?

Answer 3

The median or the 50th percentile.

Question 4

What is represented by “Q1” in a boxplot?

Answer 4

The 25th percentile.

Question 5

What does “Q1 - 1.5IQR” in a boxplot signify?

Answer 5

The lower fence for potential outliers.

Question 6

What test is used for comparing means with pooled variance?

Answer 6

Independent samples t-test with pooled variance.

Question 7

What is the purpose of a t-test in hypothesis testing?

Answer 7

To determine if the difference between two statistics is significant.

Question 8

What does “b” represent in y = mx + b?

Answer 8

The y-intercept of the regression line.

Question 9

What variability does the numerator of Pearson’s r formula represent?

Answer 9

Covariance.

Question 10

What test is used to assess independence between categorical variables?

Answer 10

Chi-squared test.

Question 11

What measures how far sample means deviate from the population mean?

Answer 11

Standard error.

Question 12

Which assumption is NOT valid for performing ANOVA?

Answer 12

Homogeneity of means.

Question 13

What does the F-statistic in ANOVA compare?

Answer 13

Variance between groups to variance within groups.

Question 14

What plot checks for homoscedasticity in regression analysis?

Answer 14

Residuals vs. fitted values plot.

Question 15

What does a significant p-value for a regression slope indicate?

Answer 15

The independent variable significantly affects the dependent variable.

Question 16

What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Answer 16

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Question 17

What test compares means between two groups with unequal variances?

Answer 17

Welch’s t-test.

Question 18

What is the range of R^2 in regression analysis?

Answer 18

0 to 1.

Question 19

How is a residual in regression analysis defined?

Answer 19

Observed value minus the predicted value.

Question 20

What test compares observed and expected frequencies?

Answer 20

Chi-squared test.

Question 21

What does multicollinearity in regression refer to?

Answer 21

High correlation between independent variables.

Question 22

What is homoscedasticity?

Answer 22

Constant variance of the dependent variable across levels of the independent variable.

Question 23

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 23

Assumption of no effect or difference in a population.

Question 24

What does statistical power measure?

Answer 24

Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.

Question 25

True or False: Correlation implies causation.

Answer 25

False.

Question 26

What material has the greatest increase in tensile strength between untreated and quenched treatments?

Answer 26

Steel.

Question 27

What is the purpose of a confidence interval?

Answer 27

Provides a range of plausible values for a population parameter.

Question 28

True or False: Residuals in a well-fitted regression model should show a random pattern.

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

What is the formula for the slope of a regression line?

Answer 29

ω₁ = s_xy / s²_x.

Question 30

How is the F-statistic in ANOVA calculated?

Answer 30

Ratio of variance between groups to variance within groups.

Question 31

What does ω₀ (y-intercept) represent in regression?

Answer 31

The value of y when x = 0.

Question 32

What is the next step if ANOVA results are significant?

Answer 32

Perform a post-hoc analysis to determine which group means differ.

Question 33

True or False: A correlation coefficient of 0.9 indicates a perfect linear relationship.

Answer 33

False.

Question 34

What is the predicted oxygen consumption at a walking speed of 5 km/h?

Answer 34

19.9 mL/kg/min.