Final Study Guide Flashcards
(32 cards)
What was the name of the secret agreement in 1916 that outlined the division of Ottoman territories during WWI?
- The secret agreement in 1916 was the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
- France and Britain
Who were the two primary parties involved in the Sykes-Picot agreement?
This agreement, concluded in 1916, involved France and Britain, who divided the Arab territories of the former Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence.
What is the Balfour Declaration?
The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British Government in 1917 during WWI announcing its support for establishing a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
Which article of the Covenant of the League of Nations outlined the mandate system for territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire?
Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations outlined the mandate system for territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
What were the Class A Mandates? Why Class A?
- Territories placed under European control after WWI, considered “advanced” enough to eventually gain independence.
- “Class A” indicated that these territories were deemed more ready for self-rule than Class B or C, with guidance from the mandating powers.
According to that article, why were the “communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire” placed under a mandate?
They were deemed not yet able to govern themselves, and the mandate system was intended to guide them toward self-rule and independence under the oversight of a more advanced nation.
Who is Sharif Husayn? What did the British promise him? Why?
- Sharif Husayn was the ruler of Mecca and leader of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
- The British promised him independence for an Arab kingdom in exchange for his support against the Ottomans, aiming to weaken Ottoman control in the region.
What made the Palestinian Mandate different than other Class A Mandates?
The Palestinian Mandate was different because it included provisions for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” alongside the Arab population, as per the Balfour Declaration.
In the context of 1948 Palestine, what are the village files and Plan D?
- The village files were Israeli documents detailing the Palestinian villages to aid in their conquest and depopulation.
- Plan D was a military strategy aimed at securing Jewish control over Palestine, which included the expulsion of Palestinian civilians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Who fought in the Arab Israeli War and how did it change Palestine?
EVERY JUICY SLUT LOVES ICE CREAM
- The 1948 Arab-Israeli War was fought between Israel and Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq).
- It led to the establishment of Israel.
- Resulted in the Nakba (“catastrophe”): Zionist forces invaded Palestine and destroyed 530 villages, displacing 750,000 Palestinians.
What is the Law of Return?
- The Law of Return is an Israeli law passed in 1950 that grants Jews, and their spouses, the right to immigrate to Israel and obtain Israeli citizenship.
- It’s a core principle of Israeli law and reflects the Zionist movement’s goal of establishing a Jewish homeland.
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Briefly explain why Gamel Abdel-Nasser promoted pan-Arabism.
Nasser promoted pan-Arabism to unite Arab nations against Western imperialism and establish Egypt as a regional leader
Who were Nasser’s primary contenders as leaders of the Arab world?
Nasser’s primary contenders were:
- King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, who advocated for Islamic unity (pan-Islamism) instead of pan-Arabism
- King Hussein of Jordan, who relied on Western support and viewed him as a threat to his rule.
Describe Saudi Arabia’s relationship to Nasserism.
Saudi Arabia opposed Nasserism because it viewed its secular ideas as a threat to the monarchy and Islamic order.
Who fought in the Six Day War and how did it change Palestine?
Remember the acronym!
I EAT JUICY SAUSAGE
- Israel fought against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
- Israel won and captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, putting all of historic Palestine under Israeli control and intensifying Palestinian displacement.
Who fought in the October War and how did it change Palestine?
Remember the acronym!!
EAT SEXY ISRAELIS
- In the October War (1973), Egypt and Syria fought Israel to regain lands lost in 1967.
- Arab states shifted from pan-Arab unity to their own national interests.
- This sidelined Palestine’s cause
Why did OPEC embargo oil in 1973?
OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- OPEC embargoed oil in 1973 to punish the U.S. and other countries for supporting Israel during the October War.
- They wanted to pressure the U.S. and its allies to force Israel to withdraw from Arab lands captured in 1967.
Per Timothy Mitchell, how did Western powers reassert control over international oil markets after 1973?
Western powers regained control by partnering with Saudi Arabia to stabilize oil markets, ensuring continued dominance over global finance and energy.
Why was Israel’s 1977 election significant?
Israel’s 1977 election was significant because it marked the first time the right-wing Likud party defeated the left-wing Labor Party.
This political shift led to major policy changes, including the 1979 peace treaty with Egypt.
Why didn’t Iran participate in the four Arab Israeli Wars?
- Iran didn’t participate because it was not directly involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict and had good relations with Israel before the 1979 revolution.
What is the SAVAK?
- The SAVAK was Iran’s secret police, intelligence, and security organization, established in 1957 with U.S. and Israeli assistance.
- It was notorious for suppressing political opposition and dissent during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Mahmood Mamdani is critical of arguments that explain Islamic resistance with sole reference to Islamic civilization. Why?
- He argues that such explanations simplify complex issues and ignore the role of colonialism, imperialism, and local power dynamics in shaping Islamic political actions.
How and why did the balance of power in the Middle East change after 1979?
- After 1979, the Iranian Revolution overthrew the Shah and created an anti-Western Islamic republic.
- This shifted power away from monarchies toward revolutionary and religious movements and challenged Arab leadership in the region.
Why did the United States give financial and military support to the Mujahedeen?
The U.S. supported the Mujahedeen in the 1980s to counter Soviet influence in Afghanistan during the Cold War.
