Final Study Guide Flashcards
(25 cards)
What was the Great Western Schism?
A series of excommunications hurled back and forth between Rome and Avignon, resulting from a power struggle over the papacy.
Who were the main parties involved in the Great Western Schism?
The divide was between Avignon and Roman loyalists.
What was the outcome of the councils held during the Great Western Schism?
Councils in Basel and Florence determined that other powers in the Church could make decisions besides the pope.
When did the Great Western Schism occur?
from 1378 to 1417
Where did the Great Western Schism primarily take place?
Mainly in Rome and Avignon, but it divided the Western Church as a whole.
Why did the Great Western Schism happen?
The Avignon papacy was perceived as weak, prompting attempts to bring the papacy back to Rome.
What were the seven liberal arts?
Subjects considered essential for all free people, including grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, music, arithmetic, and astronomy.
Where were the seven liberal arts taught?
In medieval universities as they became more developed.
Why were the seven liberal arts important?
They represented universal knowledge that should be taught to all, including the poorest people.
Who were the Cathars?
A heretical movement in southern France that criticized the Church for its wealth and power.
What was the belief system of the Cathars?
They recognized two gods: a god of good and a god of evil, and rejected material things in favor of spiritual ascension.
When did the Cathar movement peak?
During the central Middle Ages, particularly in the 1200s.
Where were the Cathars primarily located?
Southern France.
Why did the Cathar movement arise?
As a protest against the corruption of the Church, related to other heretical movements.
Who was Genghis Khan?
A conqueror who led the Mongol invasions of Europe in the early thirteenth century.
When did Genghis Khan live?
From 1162 to 1227.
Why was Genghis Khan significant?
He advanced warfare techniques that facilitated the end of walled cities and the use of gunpowder in Europe.
Who called the Fourth Lateran Council?
Innocent the Third.
What was the Fourth Lateran Council?
The most important of the Western medieval general councils, addressing various issues within the Church.
When was the Fourth Lateran Council held?
In 1215.
Where was the Fourth Lateran Council held?
In Rome.
Why was the Fourth Lateran Council significant?
It caused great reforms within the Church and emphasized combating heresy.
What were the mendicant orders?
Orders consisting of Franciscans and Dominicans known for their devotion to poverty, preaching, and charity.
How did mendicant orders relate to heresies?
They fought heretics directly through preaching and indirectly by making Christian orthodoxy relevant.
