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Mrs. Carpenter > final study guide > Flashcards

final study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define energy

A

The capacity to do work or produce change

Energy can exist in various forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, and more.

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2
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

Temperature determines the direction of heat transfer between objects.

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3
Q

What is conduction?

A

The transfer of heat through direct contact of particles

Metals are typically good conductors of heat.

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4
Q

What is induction?

A

The process of generating an electric current by changing the magnetic field

This principle is used in transformers.

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5
Q

Define insulation

A

Material that reduces or prevents the transfer of heat or electricity

Insulators are used in electrical wiring and thermal applications.

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6
Q

What is convection?

A

The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids

Convection currents are commonly observed in liquids and gases.

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7
Q

What is radiation?

A

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves

Radiation does not require a medium to travel.

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8
Q

State the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

This law is also known as the law of energy conservation.

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9
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics

A

engery is never lost or gained.

This law implies that energy transformations are not 100% efficient.

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10
Q

State the third law of thermodynamics

A

As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero

This law sets a limit on how cold systems can become.

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11
Q

Define a wave

A

A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter

Waves can be mechanical or electromagnetic.

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12
Q

What is a trough in wave terminology?

A

The lowest point of a wave

It is opposite to the crest of a wave.

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13
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

A wave in which the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

Examples include light waves and waves on a string.

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14
Q

Define amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of points on a wave from the rest position

Amplitude is related to the energy of the wave.

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15
Q

What is a decibel?

A

A logarithmic unit used to measure sound intensity

It quantifies sound levels relative to a reference level.

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16
Q

Define pitch

A

The perceived frequency of a sound

Higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches.

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17
Q

What is timbre?

A

The quality or color of a sound that distinguishes different types of sound production

Timbre allows us to differentiate between instruments.

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18
Q

What is acoustic amplification?

A

The increase in sound intensity using mechanical means

This is commonly achieved with instruments like microphones and speakers.

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19
Q

What is active sonar?

A

A technique that uses sound waves to detect objects underwater by emitting pulses and listening for echoes

Active sonar is often used in submarines.

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20
Q

What is passive sonar?

A

A technique that detects sounds made by objects underwater without emitting sound waves

It relies on listening for noise made by vessels.

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21
Q

What is sonography?

A

A medical imaging technique that uses ultrasound to visualize internal body structures

Commonly used in prenatal imaging.

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22
Q

Define alternating current (AC)

A

An electric current that reverses direction periodically

AC is the form of electricity commonly used in homes.

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23
Q

What is conventional current?

A

The flow of electric charge that is assumed to flow from positive to negative

This is the historical convention despite actual electron flow being opposite.

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24
Q

Define direct current (DC)

A

An electric current that flows in one direction only

DC is used in batteries and many electronic devices.

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25
What is static electricity?
An imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material ## Footnote Static electricity can cause sparks or shocks.
26
Define electrical conductors
Materials that allow electric charge to flow easily ## Footnote Metals like copper and aluminum are good conductors.
27
What are electrical insulators?
Materials that resist the flow of electric charge ## Footnote Common insulators include rubber and glass.
28
What is resistance?
The opposition to the flow of electric current ## Footnote Measured in ohms, resistance affects the current in a circuit.
29
Define semiconductors
Materials that have a conductivity between conductors and insulators ## Footnote Silicon is a common semiconductor material.
30
What is voltage?
The electric potential difference between two points ## Footnote Measured in volts, voltage drives electric current.
31
What are superconductors?
Materials that can conduct electricity without resistance when cooled to low temperatures ## Footnote Superconductors have applications in powerful magnets and maglev trains.
32
What is a parallel circuit?
A circuit where components are connected across common points or junctions ## Footnote In a parallel circuit, voltage remains the same across all components.
33
What is a series circuit?
A circuit where components are connected in a single path ## Footnote In a series circuit, the current is the same through all components.
34
What is a short circuit?
An unintended path in a circuit that allows current to flow with little or no resistance ## Footnote Short circuits can cause overheating and fires.
35
Define visible light
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye ## Footnote Visible light has wavelengths approximately from 380 to 750 nanometers.
36
What is incandescent light?
Light produced by heating a material until it glows ## Footnote Traditional incandescent bulbs work on this principle.
37
Define opaque materials
Materials that do not allow light to pass through ## Footnote Examples include wood and metal.
38
What are translucent materials?
Materials that allow some light to pass through but not detailed images ## Footnote Examples include frosted glass and wax paper.
39
What are transparent materials?
Materials that allow light to pass through with minimal scattering ## Footnote Clear glass is a common example.
40
What is white light?
Light that contains all the colors of the visible spectrum ## Footnote White light can be separated into its component colors using a prism.
41
List all the primary additive colors
* Red * Green * Blue ## Footnote These colors can be combined to create a wide spectrum of colors in light.
42
List the primary subtractive colors
* Cyan * Magenta * Yellow ## Footnote These colors are used in color printing and can be mixed to create other colors.
43
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection ## Footnote This law applies to all types of reflective surfaces.
44
In which medium does sound travel the fastest?
In solids ## Footnote Sound travels faster in denser mediums due to closer particle proximity.
45
Why does a generator need to rotate?
To create a changing magnetic field that induces electric current ## Footnote This principle is based on electromagnetic induction.
46
How does the number of input and output coil wraps influence voltage?
More wraps increase voltage in a transformer ## Footnote This is described by the transformer equation.
47
What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?
Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength ## Footnote Higher frequency means shorter wavelength and vice versa.
48
Where is the best place to get new scientific information?
Peer-reviewed journals and reputable scientific organizations ## Footnote These sources ensure accuracy and reliability in scientific research.
49
Determine whether or not work was done: If a force is applied but no movement occurs.
No work was done ## Footnote Work requires both force and displacement in the direction of the force.
50
Given the force you exert, how far you move the lever, the force the lever applies and how far you move the rock, determine the AMA of the lever.
AMA = (Force applied by lever / Force exerted on rock) ## Footnote AMA stands for Actual Mechanical Advantage.
51
Convert between Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
Use the formulas: * Celsius to Fahrenheit: (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F * Fahrenheit to Celsius: (°F - 32) × 5/9 = °C * Celsius to Kelvin: °C + 273.15 = K ## Footnote These conversions are essential in temperature-related calculations.
52
How does changing the number of decibels affect intensity?
Each increase of 10 dB represents a tenfold increase in intensity ## Footnote This logarithmic scale means small changes can significantly affect perceived loudness.
53
Ways to increase/decrease the electric force between two charged objects
* Increase the charge on one or both objects * Decrease the distance between them ## Footnote The electric force is described by Coulomb's law.
54
Given a picture of objects and their electric fields, determine the charges of the objects.
Identify the direction of the electric field lines ## Footnote Electric field lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.
55
Given a picture of a magnet and its magnetic field, identify the north and south poles.
North pole is where field lines exit the magnet, south pole is where they enter ## Footnote This is critical for understanding magnetic interactions.
56
Find the kinetic energy given the mass and speed.
KE = 0.5 × mass × speed² ## Footnote Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
57
Calculate how much energy you need to heat up a specific amount of water to a specific temperature given the specific heat of water.
Energy = mass × specific heat × temperature change ## Footnote The specific heat of water is approximately 4.18 J/g°C.
58
Given speed and time, calculate distance.
Distance = speed × time ## Footnote This formula is fundamental in kinematics.
59
Find the current given the voltage and resistance.
Current = Voltage / Resistance ## Footnote This relationship is described by Ohm's Law.
60
Given the wavelength, calculate the frequency.
Frequency = Speed of wave / Wavelength ## Footnote For sound in air, the speed is approximately 343 m/s.

Mrs. Carpenter (3 decks)

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