Final Study Guide

Question 1

Define Assimilate

Answer 1

To absorb and integrate individuals or groups into a larger cultural framework

Assimilation often involves adopting the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.

Question 2

What is Paternalism?

Answer 2

A policy or practice of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the supposed best interest of the subordinates

Commonly seen in colonial contexts where imperial powers controlled local populations.

Question 3

What was the significance of the Suez Canal during Imperialism?

Answer 3

A crucial waterway that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating trade and military movement

Its control was vital for European powers seeking to expand their empires.

Question 4

Define Protectorate.

Answer 4

A state that is controlled and protected by another

Often established in imperial contexts where a powerful nation controls the foreign affairs of a weaker state.

Question 5

What is Unrestricted Submarine Warfare?

Answer 5

A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels without warning

This tactic was notably used by Germany during WWI and WWII.

Question 6

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

Answer 6

Germany’s military strategy to quickly defeat France and then turn to fight Russia in WWI

The plan failed, leading to a prolonged two-front war.

Question 7

What was the Zimmerman Note?

Answer 7

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the US in WWI

Its interception contributed to the US entering the war.

Question 8

Define Alliance.

Answer 8

A formal agreement between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes

Alliances were a significant factor in the escalation of WWI.

Question 9

What does Appeasement mean?

Answer 9

The policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid conflict

Infamously associated with Britain and France’s approach to Hitler before WWII.

Question 10

What were the Axis Powers in WWII?

Answer 10

The coalition of Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allies

They sought territorial expansion and were involved in numerous conflicts during the war.

Question 11

What were the Allied Powers in WWII?

Answer 11

The coalition of nations including the US, UK, Soviet Union, and China that opposed the Axis Powers

They worked together to defeat the Axis during the war.

Question 12

Who were the Allies in WWI?

Answer 12

A coalition including France, the UK, Russia, and later the US

They fought against the Central Powers.

Question 13

What were the Central Powers in WWI?

Answer 13

A coalition consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

They opposed the Allies during the war.

Question 14

Define Fascism.

Answer 14

A political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism and strong centralized control

Prominent in Italy under Mussolini.

Question 15

What is Communism?

Answer 15

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally

Karl Marx is a key figure associated with its development.

Question 16

What is a Non-Aggression Pact?

Answer 16

An agreement between two or more nations to not engage in military action against each other

The most notable was between Germany and the Soviet Union before WWII.

Question 17

What was the Great Depression?

Answer 17

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s

It had profound effects on economies and societies globally.

Question 18

What was the Great Purge?

Answer 18

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938

Led by Stalin, it aimed to eliminate dissent and consolidate power.

Question 19

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

Answer 19

Racist laws enacted in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship and rights

These laws were a key step in the escalation of anti-Semitic policies.

Question 20

What were the Fourteen Points?

Answer 20

A statement of principles for peace used for peace negotiations to end WWI proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson

It aimed to address the causes of the war and promote self-determination.

Question 21

Define Militarism.

Answer 21

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability

Militarism contributed to the outbreak of WWI.

Question 22

What is Mobilization?

Answer 22

The process of preparing and organizing troops for active service

Mobilization was crucial for nations entering WWI.

Question 23

Define Genocide.

Answer 23

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

The Holocaust is one of the most infamous examples.

Question 24

What does Marxist refer to?

Answer 24

A follower of the political and economic theories of Karl Marx

Marxism advocates for a classless society and the abolition of private property.

Question 25

What were the Five Year Plans under Stalin?

Answer 25

State-directed economic plans aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization in the Soviet Union ## Footnote These plans often came at the expense of individual rights and led to famine.

Question 26

What does Master Race refer to in Hitler's ideology?

Answer 26

The belief in the superiority of the Aryan race as proposed by Hitler ## Footnote This concept justified extreme racist policies, including the Holocaust.

Question 27

What was the Final Solution?

Answer 27

The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish people during WWII ## Footnote It resulted in the deaths of six million Jews.

Question 28

What is Collectivization?

Answer 28

The policy of consolidating individual landholdings and labor into collective farms ## Footnote Implemented in the Soviet Union to increase agricultural productivity.

Question 29

What is No-Man's Land?

Answer 29

The land between opposing trenches in WWI, often filled with obstacles and dangers ## Footnote Soldiers faced significant risks when crossing this area.

Question 30

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

Answer 30

A policy allowing the US to supply Allied nations with war material during WWII ## Footnote This act was crucial in supporting the Allies before the US formally entered the war.

Question 31

What are Reparations?

Answer 31

Compensation imposed during peace settlements on a defeated nation ## Footnote Germany was forced to pay reparations after WWI.

Question 32

What does Stalemate mean in a military context?

Answer 32

A situation in which neither side can gain an advantage or win ## Footnote The trench warfare of WWI often resulted in stalemates.

Question 33

What is a U-boat?

Answer 33

A German submarine used in WWI and WWII ## Footnote U-boats were instrumental in Germany's naval warfare strategy.

Question 34

Define Totalitarianism State.

Answer 34

A political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life ## Footnote Totalitarian regimes often employ propaganda and repression.

Question 35

Who was Adolf Hitler?

Answer 35

The leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 ## Footnote He initiated WWII and was responsible for the Holocaust.

Question 36

Who was Benito Mussolini?

Answer 36

The Italian dictator and founder of Fascism, ruling from 1922 to 1943 ## Footnote Mussolini allied Italy with Nazi Germany during WWII.

Question 37

Who was Franklin Roosevelt?

Answer 37

The 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945 ## Footnote He led the US during the Great Depression and most of WWII.

Question 38

What happened on D-Day?

Answer 38

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, during WWII ## Footnote This operation marked a significant turning point in the war.

Question 39

What was the Munich Conference?

Answer 39

A meeting in 1938 where European leaders allowed Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia ## Footnote This act of appeasement failed to prevent further aggression from Hitler.

Question 40

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Answer 40

Military tribunals held after WWII to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany ## Footnote The trials established principles of accountability for war crimes.

Question 41

What events were involved in the German Invasion of the Rhineland, Austria, and the Sudetenland?

Answer 41

Germany's aggressive expansions that violated the Treaty of Versailles ## Footnote These invasions were steps leading to WWII.

Question 42

What was the German Invasion of Poland?

Answer 42

The invasion on September 1, 1939, that marked the beginning of WWII ## Footnote This invasion prompted Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Question 43

What was the Opium War?

Answer 43

A conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842 over trade and the opium trade ## Footnote It led to the Treaty of Nanking and significant concessions from China.

Question 44

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

Answer 44

An anti-foreign uprising in China from 1899 to 1901 aimed at ending foreign influence ## Footnote It resulted in intervention by several foreign powers.

Question 45

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

Answer 45

A major, but unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company in 1857 ## Footnote It marked the beginning of a more direct British control of India.

Question 46

What was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk?

Answer 46

A treaty signed in 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers to end Russia's involvement in WWI ## Footnote It resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia.

Question 47

What was the Reichstag fire?

Answer 47

A fire that destroyed the German parliament building in 1933, used by Hitler to justify his rise to power ## Footnote It led to the suspension of civil liberties in Germany.

Question 48

What was the Yalta Conference?

Answer 48

A meeting of Allied leaders in 1945 to discuss post-war reorganization ## Footnote It set the stage for the Cold War and the division of Europe.

Question 49

Who fought in the Battle of Stalingrad?

Answer 49

The Soviet Union vs. Nazi Germany, with the Soviet Union emerging victorious ## Footnote This battle was a significant turning point in WWII.

Question 50

What happened at Pearl Harbor?

Answer 50

A surprise military strike by the Japanese Navy against the US naval base on December 7, 1941 ## Footnote This attack led to the US entering WWII.

Question 51

What happened during the Normandy (D-Day) invasion?

Answer 51

Allied forces launched a massive invasion of German-occupied France on June 6, 1944 ## Footnote It marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe.

Question 52

What occurred at Dunkirk?

Answer 52

The evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk, France, in 1940 ## Footnote It was a significant military retreat during WWII.

Question 53

Who fought in the Battle of Britain?

Answer 53

The United Kingdom vs. Nazi Germany, with the UK winning ## Footnote This battle marked the first major defeat of Hitler's military forces.

Question 54

Why did Imperialism begin?

Answer 54

Driven by the desire for economic expansion, territorial acquisitions, and national prestige ## Footnote Industrialization played a significant role in motivating imperialist endeavors.

Question 55

What country had the biggest empire during Imperialism?

Answer 55

Great Britain ## Footnote The British Empire was the largest empire in history, spanning various continents.

Question 56

What was the first night of violence against the Jews called?

Answer 56

Kristallnacht ## Footnote This pogrom occurred on November 9-10, 1938, in Nazi Germany.

Question 57

Explain how the British treated the Indians.

Answer 57

Through a system of paternalism and direct control, often suppressing local customs and governance ## Footnote British rule in India was marked by significant economic exploitation and cultural imposition.

Question 58

What allowed WWI to be so bad?

Answer 58

A combination of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism contributed to the war's intensity ## Footnote The existing tensions in Europe created a volatile environment for conflict.

Question 59

What was the economic situation in Russia during the war?

Answer 59

Characterized by severe inflation, food shortages, and social unrest ## Footnote These conditions contributed to the Russian Revolution.

Question 60

Why did the US enter WWI?

Answer 60

Due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmermann Note ## Footnote These factors galvanized public opinion in favor of intervention.

Question 61

What were the reparations Germany was forced to pay post-WWI?

Answer 61

Financial compensation to the Allies for war damages amounting to billions of dollars ## Footnote These reparations were a point of contention leading to WWII.

Question 62

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

Answer 62

To promote peace and cooperation among countries and prevent future conflicts ## Footnote It was established after WWI but ultimately failed to prevent WWII.

Question 63

How did Hitler and Mussolini maintain control?

Answer 63

Through propaganda, suppression of dissent, and establishment of totalitarian regimes ## Footnote Both leaders used fear tactics and charismatic leadership to consolidate power.

Question 64

Class struggle is the belief of what political system?

Answer 64

Communism ## Footnote This concept is central to Marxist theory, emphasizing the conflict between classes.

Question 65

What were the reasons Hitler was able to gain power?

Answer 65

Economic instability, political instability, and effective propaganda ## Footnote The Great Depression and dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic created fertile ground for his rise.

Question 66

Why did Great Britain and France enter WWI?

Answer 66

In response to Germany's invasion of Belgium and obligations to their allies ## Footnote The invasion violated Belgium's neutrality, prompting their declaration of war.

Question 67

What did Hitler do that violated the Munich Conference?

Answer 67

He invaded Poland in 1939 despite the agreement to avoid further territorial expansion ## Footnote This act marked the beginning of WWII.

Question 68

When the US entered WWII, who did they consider the biggest threat?

Answer 68

Nazi Germany ## Footnote The US viewed Germany's military aggression as the primary challenge to global stability.

Question 69

Why did Hitler break the Non-Aggression Pact?

Answer 69

To invade the Soviet Union in 1941, seeking more territory and resources ## Footnote This decision opened up the Eastern Front in WWII.

Question 70

Why did Allies attack in France?

Answer 70

To open a new front against Germany and relieve pressure on Soviet forces ## Footnote This strategy aimed to weaken Germany's hold on occupied Europe.