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Dev Psych > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the concept of nature vs. nurture?

A

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to development

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2
Q

What did Werner’s study illustrate about nature and nurture?

A

It showed how biological and environmental influences lead to different outcomes for children

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3
Q

What prenatal complications are linked to negative outcomes in children according to Werner’s study?

A

Complications during the prenatal period or at birth

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4
Q

What positive outcomes were observed in children with good rearing conditions?

A

They often caught up to their counterparts

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5
Q

What is resilience in the context of Werner’s study?

A

About ⅓ of children displayed resilience despite adverse conditions

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6
Q

What senses develop in the womb?

A

Sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch

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7
Q

How do fetuses respond to light?

A

They can sense light and move towards it

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8
Q

What is the significance of the ‘Cat in the Hat’ study?

A

It demonstrated fetal hearing capabilities and responses to stimuli

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9
Q

What does the ‘Telephone Lines’ metaphor explain?

A

It describes the phases of prenatal brain development

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10
Q

What happens in Phase 1 of the ‘Telephone Lines’ metaphor?

A

Formation of the neural tube or pathway

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11
Q

What occurs in Phase 2 of the ‘Telephone Lines’ metaphor?

A

Strengthening frequently used connections while pruning unused ones

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12
Q

What does the ‘Baby Cataract’ story illustrate?

A

The importance of visual experience for brain development

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13
Q

How do newborn sleep patterns compare to adults?

A

Newborns sleep twice as much and have more REM sleep

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14
Q

What are effective methods to soothe a newborn’s crying?

A

Rocking, patting, driving a car, swaddling

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15
Q

What does Sugita’s research on monkeys reveal about face discrimination?

A

Monkeys reared without faces showed difficulty in discriminating faces after exposure

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16
Q

Define perceptual narrowing.

A

Infants’ broad perceptual abilities narrow based on experiences

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17
Q

How is face discrimination an example of perceptual narrowing?

A

Infants start with broad abilities and become specialized through experience

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18
Q

What is the significance of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

They outline how children’s thinking evolves through distinct stages

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19
Q

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage of development?

A

Knowledge arises from immediate perceptions and actions

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20
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible

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21
Q

What is the A-not-B error?

A

Infants look for hidden objects but fail to find them in a new location

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22
Q

What research method did Baillargeon use to study object permanence?

A

Violation of expectation

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23
Q

What does the Information Processing Theory focus on?

A

Working memory and how it develops with age

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24
Q

What is the role of socio-cultural theory in development?

A

It emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development

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25
What does perceptual narrowing in language development indicate?
Infants specialize in sounds from their environment over time
26
What did Hart and Risley's research reveal about language exposure?
There is a significant 'language gap' based on socioeconomic status
27
What does the 'Genie' case study demonstrate?
The critical period for language development
28
What is a limitation of naturalistic observations in developmental psychology?
Subjects often cannot communicate or may lose interest quickly
29
What is the purpose of neuroimaging in developmental research?
To study brain activity in populations that cannot provide motor responses
30
What did Bar-Haim's study on race preferences conclude?
Infants show a preference for own-race faces based on exposure
31
What is the 'power of the point' in Vygotsky's theory?
Children are social learners influenced by cultural interactions
32
What preference do infants as young as 3 months old show regarding race?
Preference for own-race faces based on exposure, not innate. ## Footnote This suggests that exposure influences racial preferences rather than genetics.
33
What do Kinzler's studies indicate about children's language preferences?
Kids prefer speakers of their own language and accent. ## Footnote This preference affects social interactions and learning.
34
What do Killen's studies reveal about children's assumptions in ambiguous scenarios?
Children make inferences based on social categories, showing selective learning from in-group members.
35
What tendency was observed in white children regarding negative intent?
White kids assumed the black child had negative intent (70% negative). ## Footnote This reflects biases in perception based on race.
36
How do children respond when categories conflict, such as race and gender?
Accent and language are prioritized over race in forming preferences.
37
Define Theory of Mind (TOM).
An organized body of knowledge about what causes human behavior.
38
At what age do children typically start to pass false belief tasks?
Around age 5. ## Footnote This marks a significant development in their understanding of others' perspectives.
39
What does the 'Deceptive Packaging' task demonstrate about children's TOM?
Children struggle to predict others' beliefs until around age 5.
40
What finding did Onishi and Baillargeon make regarding TOM in younger children?
15-month-olds understand false beliefs implicitly.
41
What is the RTPj and its significance in TOM?
RTPj is a brain region specialized for thinking about others' thoughts.
42
What is separation anxiety?
Distress when a caregiver leaves, emerging around 8 months and peaking at 14 months.
43
What happens in the still face paradigm?
A baby becomes alarmed and disturbed when their mother's face becomes unresponsive.
44
What is the Perry Project?
A high-quality early childhood program for low-income children that yielded significant long-term benefits.
45
What is the estimated payoff for every $1 spent in the Perry Project?
$7 to $12. ## Footnote This reflects the long-term economic benefits of investing in early childhood education.
46
What benefits arise from having affordable childcare in Quebec?
Increased labor force participation and reduced child poverty rates.
47
How does the U.S. differ from other wealthy nations regarding parental support?
The U.S. lacks guaranteed paid maternity leave and affordable childcare.
48
What do economists argue about government spending on early childhood education?
Money is often spent on business subsidies instead, which is ineffective.
49
How does investing in early childhood education save money in schools?
It helps students perform better, reducing the need for special education placements.
50
What is cognitive development theory regarding gender?
Children develop gender identity, stability, and constancy in stages.
51
What is gender schema theory?
Children construct mental representations of gender-related information.
52
What milestone do children achieve by 5-7 years regarding gender?
They achieve gender constancy and show flexibility in stereotypes.
53
What did Crowley's study on parent-child interactions in science museums find?
Parents explain exhibits more to boys than girls.
54
What is the main research question in Bian's study?
At what age do children begin to believe that girls are less brilliant than boys?
55
What is the main result of Study 1 in Bian's research?
Stereotypes about boys' brilliance emerge between ages 5 and 7.
56
Define temperament.
Individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reactions.
57
What are the three categories defined by Thomas and Chess in temperament?
* Easy * Difficult * Slow-to-warm-up
58
What method did Jerome Kagan use to study inhibited children?
He presented stimuli to children and observed their reactions.
59
What is the relationship between inhibited children and their future behavior?
Inhibited children are more likely to grow up shy and quiet.
60
What types of anxiety are mentioned?
* Separation anxiety * Specific phobias * Social phobia * Agoraphobia * Panic disorder * Generalized anxiety disorder
61
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
A psychotherapy method effective for treating anxiety and depression.
62
What is the correlation between the brain's reaction to faces and children's emotional states?
The brain’s reaction to faces is correlated to the kids’ everyday anxiety and fearfulness.
63
What does CBT stand for?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
64
What disorders is CBT effective for treating?
* Major depression * General Anxiety Disorder * Panic disorder * Social phobia * PTSD * Childhood depression & anxiety disorders
65
What is attachment in the context of child development?
A close, enduring emotional bond between a child and a caregiver.
66
What is Bowlby’s Internal Working Model of Attachment?
A child's mental representation of relationships formed from experiences with caregivers, guiding interactions with others.
67
What are the stages of attachment according to Bowlby?
* Pre-attachment phase (newborn-2 months) * Attachment-in-the-making phase (2-7 months) * Clear Cut Attachment Phase (7-24 months) * Reciprocal Relationships Phase (2+ years)
68
What happens in the Pre-attachment phase?
Crying and satisfaction with whoever responds; social routines begin to initiate attachments.
69
What is the Ainsworth Strange Situation?
A 25-minute assessment involving separations from caregivers to observe children's attachment types.
70
What are the four attachment types identified in the Ainsworth Strange Situation?
* Securely-Attached * Insecure/Avoidant * Insecure/Resistant * Disorganized
71
What characterizes securely-attached children?
Explores when mom is present, upset when mom leaves, seeks comfort upon her return.
72
What are Baumrind’s four parenting styles?
* Authoritative * Authoritarian * Permissive * Rejecting-Neglecting
73
What are the characteristics of Authoritative parenting?
Demanding and responsive, makes reasonable demands, sets limits, expresses affection, listens to child's views.
74
What outcomes are associated with Authoritarian parenting?
Values conformity, leads to less warmth and responsiveness.
75
What is the Preconventional level in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Self-centered reasoning focused on rewards and avoiding punishment.
76
How do children at the Conventional level respond to moral dilemmas?
They focus on social relationships, compliance with duties, and laws.
77
What defines the Postconventional or Principled level in Kohlberg’s stages?
Ideal-centered reasoning based on universal moral principles.
78
What was the main finding of Experiment 1 in the moral life of babies study?
At 6 months, infants prefer helpers over hinderers; at 10 months, they have expectations about others' feelings toward helpers and hinderers.
79
In Experiment 2, how did the researchers ensure the study was non-social?
By removing the climber's self-propelled motion and taking the eyes off the climber.
80
What was the outcome of Experiment 2 regarding infants' preferences?
Infants chose the helper and hinderer equally when the scenario was made non-social.

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