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final study people Flashcards

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1
Q

Cicero

A

Rome’s greatest public speaker

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2
Q

Augustus

A

The honorary name meaning “divinely favored” that the Roman Senate bestowed on Octavian; it became shorthand for “Roman imperial ruler”

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3
Q

Julio-Claudians

A

the ruling family of the early principate from Augustus to Nero - descended from the aristocratic families Julians + Claudians

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4
Q

main competitors in the civil war after Caesar’s death were

A

Octavian + Mark Anthony - Octavian won them over (soldiers)

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5
Q

Octavian

A

Caesar’s grandnephew + adopted son

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6
Q

Mark Anthony

A

friend of Caesar

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7
Q

Henry VIII

A

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, established himself as head of the church of England

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8
Q

Jean Bodin

A

Six Books of the Commonwealth - broke government up into three sections for the country to govern properly

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9
Q

Jean Bodin 2

A

A writer in 16th century England who wrote The Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576), which strongly supported the divine right of kings.

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10
Q

James I

A

keen to assert his kingly authority - made his ideas of sovereignty rational

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11
Q

William Vaughn

A

lawyer - included people in his ideas (kingly power) - should benefit the common people

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12
Q

Charles I

A

unpopular due to his thought on catholicism + his marriage

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13
Q

Henry Parker

A

power comes from the people - parliament was best suited to wield this power - refuted divine power

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14
Q

What was Charles I charged with?

A

treason - crime committed against sovereign

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15
Q

Hobbes

A

represent the royalist side - monarchy - leviathan

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16
Q

Denis Diderot

A

wrote the Encyclopedia aimed to gather knowledge of science, religion, industry, and society; used knowledge to criticize defects in society

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17
Q

Peter Abelard

A

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine

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18
Q

Henry II

A

the driving force in extending and strengthening the institutions of English government - judicial reform - founded Eyres (system where a man sent by the king would look into cases of the accused throughout the nation as well as civil cases and then bring them to court - church didn’t like this

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19
Q

John (Henry II’s son)

A

king after Henry II - despite his heavy investment in war, his army was defeated in the battle of Bouvine leading to resentment by barons then leading to the Magna Carta

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20
Q

Philip II Augustus

A

king of France - John’s loss was Philip’s gain - claimed Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou from John (1204)

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21
Q

Frederick I Barbarossa

A

Holy Roman Emperor that defined the German princes’ loyalty to him, making his power concrete. Ultimately, because his officials in Italy were German, the Italians formed the Lombards and drove him out to Italy. He continued to rely on vassalage while Europe was moving to state ownership.

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22
Q

Napoleon as a military leader

A

converted levee en masse from a revolutionary army into a nationalist one - took military organizations that existed and through harnessing idea of nationalism brought a sense of unity and morale

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23
Q

Napoleon and revolutionary ideas

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A

his army and himself were hailed as heroes and liberators - feudal ties to local nobles were severed

24
Q

Influence of Napoleon

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A

he promised liberty, but simply brought another kind of tyranny - created an empire for France, not liberty for all

25
Napoleon influence on government
brought an ordered, rational government with political boundaries
26
Napoleon
a revolutionary, liberator, conservative reactionary, dictator and emperor
27
Julian the Apostate
The Roman emperor who rejected Christianity and tried to restore traditional religion as the state religion.
28
Theodosius I
Made Christianity the religion state religion of the Roman Empire
29
Augustine
(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church
30
Justinian and Theodora
Sixth-century emperor and empress of the eastern Roman Empire, famous for waging costly wars to reunite the empire
31
Jesus
executed like a common criminal - everyone abandoned him - message struck a chord for people looking for direction - was a jew
32
Paul the apostle
wrote letters to Romans + Corinthians, was a jew, born in turkey - never met Jesus
33
Jesus (the person)
came from Galilee (known as a zealot stronghold) - he encouraged people to think and act in different ways - wanted true equality + to think and act in different ways
34
Kant
saw enlightenment as the way in which humans developed - a change similar to growing up
35
maat
Goddess of truth and justice (egypt)
36
Cyrus
founded Persian Empire- 557 BCE
37
Homer
Greeks first and most famous author - Illiad + Odyssey
38
Catherine de Medicis
mother of Charles IX- served as regent and tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between calvinists and catholics
39
Philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain and most powerful ruler in Europe
40
Elizabeth I
oversaw the return of the protestant church of England and successful defense against the Spanish Armada
41
Frederick William of Hohenzollern
The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia (r. 1640-1688) who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state
42
Louis XIV
French king who personified absolute monarchy
43
William, Prince of Orange
Dutch ruler who, with his Protestant wife, Mary (daughter of James II), ruled England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688
44
Louis XIV (bureaucracy)
could not have enforced his religious policies without the services of a nationwide bureaucracy
45
Hobbes
a royalist - tutored Charles II
46
Themistocles
athens leader during the great persian invasion of greece
47
Plato
Student of Socrates that did not reject the material world, but separated the terrestrial from the celestial. Wrote of a utopia to criticize the world, and founded The Academy.
48
Aristotle
A Greek Philosopher, famous for his scientific investigations, development of logical argument, and practical ethics - studied with Plato
49
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia - led to increased cultural interactions in the hellenistic age
50
Charlemagne
King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.
51
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Queen of France and England, she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages.
52
Thucydides
Continued the works of Herodotus, and wrote extensively about the Peloponnesian War. Used systematic observation for history much like Hippocrates
53
Herodotus
The "Father of History" that wrote down and documented events, and gave credit to opposing factions.
54
Anaximander
Greek philosopher who suggested that humans evolved from fish that had moved onto land. Speculated on the earth, and astronomy.
55
Epicures
Greek philosopher that believed in the theory of atoms; that when you died, your atoms were simply scattered.
56
Gaius Marius
Roman consul, he was a popular general who encouraged the unemployed poor to join the Roman army. Introduced sweeping reforms to the Roman military.
57
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah
The Prophet of Islam (570-632 CE)

History 201 (3 decks)

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