Final Studying Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
1 Carbon Alkane
A
Methane
2
Q
2 Carbon Alkane
A
Ethane
3
Q
3 Carbon Alkane
A
Propane
4
Q
4 Carbon Alkane
A
Butane
5
Q
5 Carbon Alkane
A
Pentane
6
Q
6 Carbon Alkane
A
Hexane
7
Q
7 Carbon Alkane
A
Heptane
8
Q
8 Carbon Alkane
A
Octane
9
Q
9 Carbon Alkane
A
Nonane
10
Q
10 Carbon Alkane
A
Decane
11
Q
Structural Isomers
A
Same molecular formula with different arrangement of atoms
12
Q
Naming Cycloalkanes with one Substituent
A
No number needed, just list substituent
13
Q
Naming Cycloalkanes with Multiple Substituents
A
try to get the lowest numbers possible, if there is a tie then prioritize the first group alphabetically
14
Q
Cis Isomer
A
substituents on the same side of the double bond
15
Q
Trans Isomer
A
substituents on opposite sides of the double bond
16
Q
Methylbenzene
A
Toluene
17
Q
Aminobenzene
A
Aniline
18
Q
Hydroxybenzene
A
Phenol
19
Q
Monosaccharide with an aldehyde group
A
Aldose
20
Q
Monosaccharide with a ketone group
A
Ketose
21
Q
Naming Monosaccharides
A
functional group and number of carbons (aldopentose)
22
Q
Types of Stereoisomers
A
Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Cis-Trans Isomers
23
Q
Enantiomers
A
Chiral molecule and its mirror image, identical physical properties except reaction to light
24
Q
Diastereomers
A
Molecules with two or more chiral carbons that are non mirror images of each other
25
D Isomer on a Sugar Fischer Projection
OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the right
26
L Isomer on a Fischer projection
OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the left
27
Galactosemia
enzyme needed to convert D-galactose to D-glucose is missing, leading to accumulation in the blood and tissue; cataracts, mental retardation, failure to thrive, and liver disease
28
Drawing Hayworth Structures
turn Fischer projection 90 degrees clockwise, fold into hexagon, bond hydroxyl to carbonyl carbon
29
Alpha Anomer, Beta Anomer
OH below, OH above
30
What is Lactose
disaccharide of galactose and glucose
31
What is Maltose
disaccharide of two D-glucose molecules
32
How to determine glycosidic linkage
alpha or beta based on the first sugar, then count what carbon is linked from each sugar
33
What linkage can humans not break down
B (1--> 4) glycosidic bonds, found in cellulose
34
Glycogen
polysaccharide of glucose stored in the liver and muscle to maintain blood glucose and provide energy between meals
35
What is Sucrose
Disaccharide of glucose and fructose, table sugar
36
Starch
Storage form of glucose in plants made up of amylose and amylopectin
37
Amylose
Polysaccharide that makes up 20% of starch
38
Amylopectin
Polysaccharide that makes up 80% of starch
39
Cellulose
Polysaccharide that is the major structural unit of wood and plants
40
What is a steroid nucleus
four fused carbon rings, 3 hexagons 1 pentagon
41
What is a fatty acid
long unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at the end
42
Saturated, Unsaturated Fatty Acids
do not contain double bonds, does contain double bonds
43
Fatty Acids likely to be solid at room temperature
Saturated, Trans, Long
44
Fatty Acids likely to be liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated, Cis, Short
45
Trans, Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acids
No kink, kink
46
Are Fats Soluble in Water
No
47
What is a Triacylglycerol
A glycerol with three branches of fatty acids, major form of energy storage
48
What is the triacylglycerol with three stearic acids
Glyceryl Tristearate, Tristearic
49
What are the types of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin
50
What is a glycerophospholipid
Glycerol with two branches of fatty acids and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol
51
What is a sphingomyelin
Sphingosine with a fatty acid branch and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol
52
What is diffusion
Particles move from high to low concentration
53
What is facilitated transport
protein channels increase the rate of diffusion
54
What is active transport
ions are moved against a concentration gradient
55
Arteriosclerosis
cholesterol and dietary fats harden the arteries causing blood clots that could lead to heart attack or stroke
56
What are the three types of lipoproteins
VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs
57
VLDL Function
transport fat
58
LDL Function
carry cholesterol to cells and deposit in arteries
59
HDL Function
carry cholesterol to liver for processing and excretion
60
What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids
fatty acids humans are unable to synthesize so they must be obtained from diet, reduce triglycerides to reduce blood pressure and risk of heart disease, ex: linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic
61
What are anabolic steroids
synthetic derivative of testosterone meant to mimic the anabolic (tissue-building) effects and androgenic (male-characteristic) effects
62
Polar basic Amino acids
NH3+ R group
63
Polar Acidic Amino Acids
COO- R group
64
Polar Neutral Amino Acids
OH, SH, or CONH2 R group
65
Polar Amino Acids
R groups that interact with water, making them hydrophilic
66
Nonpolar Amino Acids
hydrogen, alkyl, or aromatic R group
67
L, D isomer on an amino acid
NH3+ on left side, NH3+ on right side (carboxylate on top)
68
How to draw a peptide bond
remove the oxygen and remove two hydrogens, connect the carbon and nitrogen
69
How to name peptides
begin with N terminal amino acid, replace ine or ate with yl, C terminal amino acid keeps its full name
70
Factors that cause proteins to denature
temperature, pH, adding organic compounds or heavy metal ions, mechanical agitation
71
Result of denaturing
loss of secondary and tertiary structures causes protein to unfold and no longer perform its function
72
Two models of enzyme activity
lock and key model, induced fit model
73
What are cofactors and coenzymes
metal ions/vitamins needed for an enzyme to become active
74
Difference between ribose and deoxyribose
deoxyribose has no OH attached to carbon 2
75
Which direction are DNA sequences read
5' to 3'
76
How to write complementary DNA or mRNA sequences
5' to 3' becomes 3' to 5'
77
Enzymes and Proteins in DNA replication
DNA helicase unwinds parent DNA, DNA primase synthesizes RNA fragments for DNA polymerase to start at, DNA polymerase catalyzes replication at replication forks, DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments
78
Difference between lagging and leading strand
leading strand only needs primase and polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction, lagging strand needs multiple primase RNA primers and ligase joins okazaki fragments made by polymerase
79
What is mRNA
carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
80
What is tRNA
translates genetic information from mRNA into an amino acid sequence
81
What is rRNA
RNA combined with proteins to form ribosomes
82
What is transcription
DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase creates complementary strand of mRNA
83
What is translation
tRNA picks up specific amino acids, tRNA binds to mRNA to form a peptide chain, stop codon releases the polypeptide from the ribosome
84
Point Mutation
Replacement of one base in the template strand
85
Silent Mutation
Point mutation where the resulting amino acid is not changed
86
Deletion Mutation
a base is deleted from the template strand
87
Insertion Mutation
a base in inserted into the template strand
88
Effects of mutation
resulting protein may no longer function which could lead to a genetic disease (germ cell) such as albinism or cancer (somatic cell)
89
How does recombinant DNA work
DNA fragment is obtained from donor, plasmid is obtained from bacteria, DNA fragment is cut by an enzyme to obtain a specific sequence, plasmid is cut open, DNA ligase places fragment into plasmid, plasmid is introduced into donor cell to produce new protein (human insulin)
90
Which vitamins are water soluble and which are fat soluble
Water C and B, Fat A and D
