FINAL TERM

Question 1

They proposed the chromosomal theory of
inheritance(1902-1903).

Answer 1

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

Question 2

The chromatids get connected with each other at points
known as

Answer 2

Chiasmata

Question 3

DNA itself was identified by Swiss chemist

Answer 3

Friedrich Miescher

Question 4

molecule is slightly acidic, high percentage of
phosphorous, later he called it

Answer 4

nuclein

Question 5

three major components of a single nucleotide
(phosphate-sugar-base)

Answer 5

Phoebus Levene

Question 6

(other DNA molecule) nucleotide composition
of DNA varies among species, Chargaff’s rule

Answer 6

Erwin Chargaff

Question 7

double stranded DNA, Nature in April 1953
1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

Answer 7

James Watson and Francis Crick (1950)

Question 8

They disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material.

Answer 8

Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase

Question 9

Something from the dead type S bacteria was transforming the type R bacteria and S. Griffith called this process

Answer 9

Transformation

Question 10

They Showed that DNA Is the Substance That Transforms Bacteria

Answer 10

Avery, MacLeod, and MacCarty

Question 11

They Provided Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic Material of T2 Phage

Answer 11

Hershey and Chase

Question 12

DNA “Saga” began when Swiss
biochemist Miescher isolated Nuclein

Answer 12

1868

Question 13

Levene - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis

Answer 13

1910

Question 14

Griffith - Transforming Principle

Answer 14

1928

Question 15

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty - DNA is Transforming Principle

Answer 15

1944

Question 16

Chargaff’s Rules - A=T, G=C

Answer 16

1950

Question 17

Hershey & Chase - Blender Experiment

Answer 17

1952

Question 18

Watson & Crick - A Structure for DNA

Answer 18

1953

Question 19

➢King’s College, London
➢Initially a nuclear physicist
➢1950: X-ray diffraction work on ram
sperm and DNA from
➢With grad student Raymond Gosling
produced x-ray
➢photographs of DNA showing
crystalline structure
➢These photographs, shown at a
conference in Naples,
➢sparked James Watson’s interest in
DNA

Answer 19

Maurice Wilkins

Question 20

“We realized that if DNA was
the gene material, then we
had just shown that genes
could crystalize…”

Answer 20

Raymond Gosling

Question 21

English physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
● Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon fiber technology in Paris

Answer 21

Rosalind Franklin

Question 22

Discovered 2 forms of DNA: A form (dehydrated) and B form (hydrated)

Answer 22

Rosalind Franklin

Question 23

He solved basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkin’s x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA

Answer 23

Alec Stokes

Question 24

Taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 under Franklin’s instruction

Answer 24

Photograph 51

Question 25

American chemist, biochemist, peace activist ● Contributions to science include discovery of alpha helix and beta sheet structure of proteins, quantum chemistry resonance work and the discovery of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease ● “The Nature of the Chemical Bond” ● Considered to be one of the 20 greatest scientists of all Time.

Answer 25

Linus Pauling

Question 26

On what year Linus Pauling announced that he had discovered the structure of DNA

Answer 26

Early 1953

Question 27

Photograph of the double helix was shown to Watson by

Answer 27

Wilkins

Question 28

Pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids, using this to determine how much of each of the component nucleotides were contained in a DNA sample. He rapidly demolished Levene's tetranucleotide hypothesis to discover his rule on ratios

Answer 28

Erwin Chargaff

Question 29

He pointed out that the way the bases in these pairs would attach to their sugars meant that the two backbones ran in opposite directions

Answer 29

Crick

Question 30

Who took the definitive picture of DNA using x-rays?

Answer 30

Rosalind Franklin

Question 31

The name given to the shape of DNA is?

Answer 31

Double helix

Question 32

Which scientists built a 3-D model of the DNA double helix?

Answer 32

Watson and Crick

Question 33

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called

Answer 33

Replication

Question 34

chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called

Answer 34

Genes

Question 35

serves as universal information-storage molecule for all forms of life.

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

is a cyclical molecule. ➢ fifth carbon atom is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring ➢ hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the third carbon in the ring.

Answer 36

Deoxyribose

Question 37

is a phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.

Answer 37

Phosphate group

Question 38

It connects the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

Answer 38

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 39

nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by

Answer 39

Hydrogen bonds

Question 40

DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called

Answer 40

Proteins

Question 41

Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called

Answer 41

Codons

Question 42

the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes and randomly inactivated in two sexes

Answer 42

Dosage compensation

Question 43

DNA replication is

Answer 43

semiconservative

Question 44

➢Replication always starts at specific locations on the DNA, which are called

Answer 44

origins of replication

Question 45

➢two Y-shaped structures called __________ forming _________.

Answer 45

replication forks , replication bubble.

Question 46

What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?

Answer 46

Helicase Single-strand binding protein TopoIsomerase Primase DNA pol III DNA pol I DNA ligase

Question 47

Single strand ➢ Composed of: ➢Sugar (ribose) ➢Phosphate ➢Phosphodiester linkage ➢Nitrogenous bases: ➢A,G,U,C

Answer 47

RNA

Question 48

What are the stages of RNA synthesis/ transcription?

Answer 48

Initiation stage Elongation stage Termination stage

Question 49

Protein coding regions

Answer 49

Exons

Question 50

Protein non-coding regions

Answer 50

Introns

Question 51

1. Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA. 2. Amino acid brought by specific tRNA 3. tRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon. 4. Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.

Answer 51

Initiation stage

Question 52

-Large ribosomal subunit: A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)- receiving the incoming amino acid. Protein synthesis/ Translation P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)- where the peptide bond between amino acid formed E site- exit site of uncharged tRNA.

Answer 52

Elongation process

Question 53

-elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

Answer 53

Termination stage