Final Terminology

Question 1

the study of all cognition, human and animal, from an evolutionary perspective; seeking similarities and differences.

Answer 1

evolutionary cognition

Question 2

the (mis)attribution of humanlike characteristics and experiences to other species.

Answer 2

anthropomorphism

Question 3

a worldview revolving around the human species; centered on humans.

Answer 3

anthropocentrism

Question 4

an organism’s subjective perceptual world.

Answer 4

umwelt

Question 5

the ability to attribute mental states to others, such as knowledge, intentions, and beliefs; perspective taking.

Answer 5

theory of mind

Question 6

study of human-animal interactions

Answer 6

anthrozoology

Question 7

cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive.

Answer 7

economy

Question 8

the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.

Answer 8

carrying capacity

Question 9

exchange of goods and services one for the other.

Answer 9

barter

Question 10

practices and organizations that reallocate resources for the collective good.

Answer 10

leveling mechanisms

Question 11

exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.

Answer 11

redistribution

Question 12

humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat.

Answer 12

food foragers

Question 13

food production involving the domestication of animals…not agriculture.

Answer 13

pastoralism

Question 14

cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor.

Answer 14

horticulture

Question 15

intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land.

Answer 15

agriculture

Question 16

industrial production based on a social contract between labor, corporations, and government.

Answer 16

fordism

Question 17

flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profit in an era of globalization
• Offshoring
• Outsourcing
• Global cities

Answer 17

flexible accumulation

Question 18

economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government; promotes privatization of public assets.

Answer 18

neoliberalism

Question 19

a person who enters a new country to live.

Answer 19

immigrant

Question 20

a person who leaves their country.

Answer 20

emigrant

Question 21

the forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country.

Answer 21

pushes and pulls

Question 22

factors that enable or inhibit migration.

Answer 22

bridges and barriers

Question 23

movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already immigrated.

Answer 23

chain migration

Question 24

organizations created for mutual support of immigrants from the same hometown or region.

Answer 24

hometown associations

Question 25

resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, etc. in their country of origin.

Answer 25

remittances

Question 26

persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill.

Answer 26

labor immigrants

Question 27

highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country.

Answer 27

professional immigrants

Question 28

migration of highly skilled professionals from periphery countries to core countries.

Answer 28

brain drain

Question 29

assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital.

Answer 29

social capital

Question 30

small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory.

Answer 30

band

Question 31

an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state.

Answer 31

tribe

Question 32

autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief.

Answer 32

chiefdom

Question 33

autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend territory.

Answer 33

state

Question 34

the ability to dominate a group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat of force.

Answer 34

hegemony

Question 35

local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities.

Answer 35

Civil Society Organization (NGOs)

Question 36

contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence.

Answer 36

Militarization

Question 37

form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs.

Answer 37

structural violence

Question 38

potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power.

Answer 38

agency

Question 39

collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies.

Answer 39

social movement

Question 40

creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements.

Answer 40

framing process

Question 41

a set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community.

Answer 41

religion

Question 42

person who sacrifices their life for the sake of their religion.

Answer 42

martyr

Question 43

individual considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death.

Answer 43

saint

Question 44

anything considered holy.

Answer 44

sacred

Question 45

anything considered unholy.

Answer 45

profane

Question 46

an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of community and belonging.

Answer 46

ritual

Question 47

category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group.

Answer 47

rite of passage

Question 48

first stage of a rite of passage.

Answer 48

Separation

Question 49

stage in a rite when a participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, being set apart, to achieve a new perspective on the past, future, and current community; inbetweenness.

Answer 49

liminality

Question 50

final stage of a rite of passage.

Answer 50

reincorporation

Question 51

sense of camaraderie, common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage.

Answer 51

communitas

Question 52

religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment. (ex. The Muslim Hajj to Mecca)

Answer 52

pilgrimage

Question 53

theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles.

Answer 53

cultural materialism (Harris)

Question 54

part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings.

Answer 54

Shamans

Question 55

use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in a certain ways, whether for good or for evil.

Answer 55

magic

Question 56

ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result.

Answer 56

imitative magic

Question 57

ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person.

Answer 57

contagious magic

Question 58

anything that represents something else.

Answer 58

symbols

Question 59

complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning.

Answer 59

authorizing process

Question 60

a discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional.

Answer 60

disease

Question 61

the individual patient’s experience of being unwell.

Answer 61

illness

Question 62

individual’s public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond; cultural performance.

Answer 62

sickness

Question 63

local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values.

Answer 63

ethnomedicine

Question 64

documentation and description of local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.

Answer 64

ethnopharmacology

Question 65

a practice that seeks to apply the principals of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting health.

Answer 65

biomedicine

Question 66

an ethnomedical practice focused on balancing one’s qi to promote and improve health.

Answer 66

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

Question 67

combining ethnomedicine (often TCM) and biomedicine to diagnose and treat disease and promote health.

Answer 67

integrative medicine

Question 68

the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing; creates tensions if not embraced by practitioners.

Answer 68

medical pluralism

Question 69

all ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others.

Answer 69

art

Question 70

creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites.

Answer 70

fine art

Question 71

creative expression and communication often associated with the general population.

Answer 71

popular art

Question 72

an (assumed) intrinsic way of perceiving art.

Answer 72

universal gaze

Question 73

the perception of an object’s antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture.

Answer 73

authenticity

Question 74

global flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries; the internet?

Answer 74

global mediascape

Question 75

an ethnographic approach to studying the tensions that may exist when visual worlds collide.

Answer 75

media worlds

Question 76

communication based on computer and internet based technologies that facilitate sociality.

Answer 76

social media

Question 77

the study of music in cultural contexts.

Answer 77

ethnomusicology

Question 78

a musical genre combining body movement and voice.

Answer 78

kinetic orality