Final terms Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Tamerlane (Timur Lenk)
A
r. 1369-1405 in Central Asia during the Chagatai Khanate. The last great nomadic conqueror. He was not the “official” ruler, but pulled all the strings and controlled the army. The Timurids were his descendents.
2
Q
Yasa
A
Began during the rule of Genghis Khan in 1206-1227. The compilation of decrees and laws. Many other used this book as the basis for their laws.
3
Q
Chinggisid
A
Descendents of Genghis Khan, the only peoples with the authority to rule, which is why Tamerlane could never officially rule. After the reign of G. Khan which ended in 1227-Tamerlane’s rule which ended in 1405.
4
Q
Chagatai Khanate
A
1225-1360s. One of the four khanates established by the Mongols. This was the smallest and poorest, and by the time of Tamerlane it had split in east and west (had more cities). Because of the weakness of this khanate Tamerlane was able to rise to power, unite the two halves with his military power, and take control of the whole khanate as the puppet master of the real khan.
5
Q
Ankara
A
- This is where Tamerlane’s forces destroyed the Ottoman Turks and took the sultan, Bayezid I. The Ottomans were Tamerlane’s only real threat, and he crushed them, which temporarily shattered Ottoman power.
6
Q
Samarkand
A
1369-1405. The capitol chosen by Tamerlane for his empire. There were many great monuments built here.
7
Q
Timurid
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post 1405. Tamerlane’s descendants, part of his legacy., especially for art culture in Central Asia.
8
Q
Ottoman Turks
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1300-1922. An originally small group of Asian Muslims in NW Turkey. Because of their location they were able to expand their control in two directions, Asia and Europe. Gained control of the Byzentine empire and the Balkans.
9
Q
Edirne
A
- The new Ottoman capitol on the European side of Turkey.
10
Q
Bayezid I
A
r. 1389-1402. One of the Ottoman rulers. In 1400 besieged Constantinople and lost when Tamerlane appeared and captured him and the battle of Ankara.
11
Q
Mehmed II
A
r. 1451-1481. Ruler of the Ottomans that also wanted to take over Constantinople. In 1453 he succeeded. Spent the rest of his reign taking over Christian states in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. His reign marks the end of the Byzentine empire. He also changed the status and function of sultan, making him more distant from the common people.
12
Q
Timar
A
This is the system that the Ottomans used to pay their cavalry. The cavalry fought at their own expense, and so to compensate the sultan would grant them tax revenue from certain areas. This was not a grant of power or control over the area, they just got the money. Of course there was not an endless amount of land and tax revenue, so this gave the sultan incentive to expand the territory.
13
Q
Millet
A
A system of community organization based on one’s religion. There were Muslims, Jews, Orthodox Christians, and Armenian Christians. Non-Muslims were not persecuted, but they did have to pay a special tax and were considered second class. These communities were self-governing and religious leaders were the buffer between the community and the sultan.
14
Q
devsirme
A
A tax paid in children. Every five years tax collectors would go to Christian Balkan villages to take 1 boy per 40 houses, between the ages of 8-20. These boys would then be taken to Constantinople and raised, became the Ottoman infantry or other officials. The only official that was not a former Christian was he sultan himself.
15
Q
Janissaries
A
The Ottoman infantry who received paid salaries. The infantry was completely made up of the boys taken from the devsirme. An interesting example of social mobility; a poor boy in a Balkan village can rise up to be an elite janissarie by his own merit.
16
Q
Ming Dynasty
A
1368-1644. The dynasty that rose up after the rebellions following the fall of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. Marked the restoration of native Chinese rule, brought back the exam system and focus on Confucianism.
17
Q
Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu emperor)
A
r. 1368-1398. A peasant who was orphaned at a young age and sought refuge in a Buddhist monastery. He later joined a rebellion group (that fought other rebellions as well as Mongols). Became the leader of his group, beat all the other groups, and became the emperor
18
Q
Law of avoidance
A
A set of laws confining scholar officials in the Ming dynasty to certain areas. Officials could not serve in their home province, officials served for three years and then were sent to a new province. This kept officials to build up a power base pf his own and avoid favoritism to friends and family.
19
Q
Outer court
A
One of the two groups of central officials in the Ming dynasty capitol. They were ministers that oversaw various departments (education, war, etc.). All officials were recruited through the examination system and was completely merit based, so there was some chance for social mobility.
20
Q
Inner court
A
One of the two groups of central officials in the Ming dynasty capitol. This was the imperial court that served as advisers to the emperor, also did his paper work and controlled the flow of documents to and from the emperor.
21
Q
Zhu Di (the youngle emperor)
A
r. 1402-1424. The third emperor of the Ming dynasty, took the title “Yongle” (perpetual happiness). He moved the capitol from Nanjing to Beijing, ordered an encyclopedia of all knowledge that was 11 thousand volumes. Commissioned many voyages, and so China developed the greatest naval fleet of the 15th c. Showed that the China had a lot of wealth, power, and technology.
22
Q
Zheng He
A
A Turkik Muslim who was a eunuch and a powerful general for Zhu Di. He was the one commissioned to make voyages. Led 7 voyages between 1405-1433; each voyage took about 2 years because of the monsoon season.
23
Q
Tribute system
A
The Chinese thought themselves to be the greatest society, wanted to give lesser people a chance to become more Chinese. This is why Zheng He was commissioned for voyages, he was a diplomat to other countries; would announce the new Yongle emperor and bring lavish gifts to the rulers, and if they wanted to trade with China would have to go and give a gift to the emperor in return. This was not about conquest or exploration, it was about showing the world how great China was and for the emperor to be legitimized.
24
Q
Koryo Dynasty
A
918-1392. The Korean dynasty that preceded the Choson. Fought with the Mongols, but in 1259 became a part of the Mongol empire and were vassals of the Yuan emperor. The Mongols used Korea and Korean soldiers to launch two invasions into Japan, which failed. After the fall of the Mongols the kings were independent, seized Chinese territory. Eventually ended when Yi Song-gye led a coup and named himself emperor.
25
Choson Dynasty
1392-1910. Translates to "Fresh dawn." Changed the official state doctrine from Buddhism to Confucianism, lessened the power of the aristocracy, implemented a civil service exam (but was restricted to the Yanglan class). Essentially mimicked a lot of Chinese customs, wanted to be as similar as possible to the great Chinese nation.
26
Yi Song-gye
r. 1392-1398. Was a general in the Koryo dynasty and was pro-Chinese relations. 1388 the Hong Wu emperor demanded back the Ming territory Korea had seized. The Koryo king wanted Yi to lead an invasion into China, Yi refused and staged a coup instead. For four years he ruled as the puppet master until he named himself the first king of the Choson dynasty.
27
yangban
The elite class in the Choson dynasty that were the only ones allowed to sit for the civil service exam, so even with the exams there was no chance for social mobility. If a family did not produce an official for three generations they would lose their title, so there was a lot of incentive to study and take the exams.
28
Sejong
r. 1419-1450. The greatest king of the Choson dynasty, became a cultural hero. He standardized measurements, ordered cartographic surveys to make maps, built an observatory and made star maps, invented the rain gauge, which was used along with the map data to see where the best areas for agriculture were, issued taxes accordingly. During his reign printing became more sophisticated (movable type), and developed Han'gul so that even commoners could learn how to read and write.
29
Han'gul
The Korean alphabet that Sejong developed in 1443 and was officially implemented in 1446. Very simple an efficient, looks like Chinese characters. However, educated wrote and spoke Chinese, so this language was looked down on for a while.
30
Punch'ong ware
A type of pottery developed during the Choson dynasty. Was not restricted to special classes, used by ordinary and elite people. Links Koryo celadon to white porcelain.
31
Muromachi Shogunate (Ashikaga)
1333-1573. Followed the Kamakura shogunate after a revolt started by Go-Daigo and Ashikaga Takauji. The Shogun still has a lot of power, but they give more power to the shugo (milirary police). Eventually the structure splinters and the shugo become even more powerful, but at the same time the daimyo, local strong men, are gaining more power of their own. The Onin war breaks out and the daimyo are able to assert their own power, so control devolves down the local level. Still a creative time, territory is surveyed and mapped , helps with agriculture. Zen Buddhism spread and Noh dramas.
32
Shogun
Commander of the Japanese emperor's army, but like Tamerlane was the real ruler, the emperor was just a figure head. The emperor appointed the shogun, which gave him authority (except this was also just a show for the people).
33
Bakufu
The military government in Japan. The emperor was in charge of appointing officials and the shogun appointed the bakufu, so they were loyal to him. The Shogun would divide up land rights between them and give them the revenue (taxes went to the emperor) in order to pay them for their service. During the Muromachi period were given a lot more power.
34
Kamakura shogonate
1192-1373. There were a lot of stresses that contributed to its fall: the land was severely fragmented because property was distributed to all sons, and the Mongols led two invasions into Japan in 1274 and 1281. This really strained the bakufu and put them under enormous economic stress. Eventually the emperor plotted with officials to take power from the shogun and won, thus beginning the Muromachi shogunate.
35
Go-Daigo
r. 1318-1339. The emperor of the Kamakura shogunate who wanted to actually rule and started a rebellion against the shogun. Received help from Ashikaga, who wanted to be shogun. Go-Daigo fled from Kyoto while Ashikaga stayed.
36
Ashikaga Takauji
r. 1336-1358. Rebelled against Go-Daigo in order to become the shogun. After Go-Daigo fled Kyoto there was a civil war between 1336-92 between the two sides. Eventually Ashikaga won.
37
Shugo
Aristocratic provincial military officials/governors of appointed by the shogun. Under the Kamakura, they were only in charge of military and police actions. Under the Muromachi, their power expanded: in addition to military and police actions they: collect taxes; hear all judicial matters. The Shoguns tried to rule in coalition with the shugo—the shogun is first among many. The shoguns during the Muromachi gave them too much power, so the shogun didn't allow them to rule in their own province.
38
Onin war
1467-1477. A war over the succession of the shogun during the Muromachi shogunate. Because of all the chaos the power devolved down to the local level of the daimyos. The was still an emperor, a shogun, and shugo, but they didn't really have any power anymore.
39
Daimyo
A local war lord who had personal samurai followings. While the shogun was fighting to reign in the shugo, the shugo were struggling to control the daimyo because the shugo were not allowed to be in their home bases. After the Onin war the daimyo have all the power. After the war the daimyo played a role in improving agriculture and the economy; they would tax merchants in exchange for offering them protection in their territory, making merchants loyal to certain areas, boosting tax revenue.
40
Gekokujo
1441, when a shugo killed a shogun. Japanese word which means the act of an inferior striking down a superior. Shows the political turmoil and disunity between groups and powers.
41
Sengoku jidai
15th. century phrase. A phrase meaning age of the country at war. Reveals just how turbulent Japan was during the 15th century as all the different groups/individuals struggled for power.
42
Noh drama
A style of drama that originally began as village story telling. During the Muromachi period became more sophisticated and its own genre. The Daimyo became patrons of this, which made it rise in popularity and develop into its own type of genre. This was the cultural development and legacy of the Muromachi.
43
Hernando de Soto
1539-152 was a Spanish conquistador that took part in the conquest of the Inca and then went to America looking for more rich civilizations. Landed in Florida and traveled up the east coast. Died of illness before he left.
44
Cofitachequi
15-16th c in central SC. A confederation of tribes. de Soto encountered them while looking for gold. The chief (a woman) told him about a temple to make him leave, which ended up being covered in fresh water pearls.
45
Mississippian culture
11-16th c. Started in Mississippi and began expanding west. After 1000 AD villages started grouping together, growing more complex and larger than before. Central plazas and earthen mounds were public works that have been found. Temples atop the mounds for ancestor worship: tribes had their own deities, but some were across tribes. The founder of the tribe was worshiped at the temple, and descendants were the chiefs. Believed in an upper and lower world, earth was in between. There were positive and negative forces and balance had to exist between them.
46
Aztecs
1325-1521. Started as hunter gatherers. 1200 started migrating to central Mexico after the fall of the Toltecs, settled in lake Texcoco. In the 15th c. their power grows and start bring people in to their empire. Control was loose, conquered peoples just had to pay a tax. Had four classes, very rigid hierarchical society. Most famous for their religious beliefs: In order to keep the world going people had to be sacrificed to help the sun beat the darkness. Social mobility was possible in the military. Although they appeared very brutal and bloody, most normal people did not engage in sacrifice and lived quiet lives.
47
Tenochtitlán
1325-1521. The Aztecs main city and center of power, on an island in lake Texcoco. Grew to be a massive city; the Spaniards described as being comparable to Venice.
48
Itzcoatl
r. 1427-40. The Tlatoani, or ruler, of the Aztecs when the Tepanecs were the dominant power in the area. He formed the triple alliance and rebelled, making the Aztecs the new top dog.
49
Triple Alliance
An alliance between Tenochtitlán (the Aztecs), Texcoco, Tlacopan starting in 1427 as a revolt against the Tepanecs. This marked the rise of Aztec power in central Mexico, although the whole triple alliance was the rulers of the “Aztec Empire,” Texcoco and Tlacopan were subordinate to the Aztecs.
50
Pochteca
Aztec guilds of traders/merchants. They often served as spies/reconnaissance for Aztecs—so other societies were suspicious of them, but the Aztecs protected them (if merchants killed, war usually followed). The trade was also very prosperous allowing the Aztecs to have a very strong market economy.
51
Chinampas
“floating fields”. These were the inventions of the Aztecs (went into part of lake, drive wooden posts into the bottom of the lake, and put a net out of reeds between the posts, then piled up the lade mud on top). These were highly productive for agriculture. This is evidence of how the Aztecs could adapt to their environment (like Mayans), and this was highly productive so it allowed the Aztec empire to feed itself and continue to thrive.
52
tlamatinime
Individuals who gathered privately to write poetry and discuss the world and life, paralleled Greek philosophers. We don’t know what would have happened to them if the Spaniards had not come We aren't really sure of their impact on Aztec society, but it was an elite affair. They do, however, indicate that there was at least some alternatives to the state religion that was so bloody.
53
Inca Empire
1438-1532. Andean society that was the largest in the new world. Named themselves the Tawantinsuyu, Inca means "emperor". Used reciprocity to build their empire. Land and textiles were measures of wealth. Ruled over a very diverse empire, but made every one learn the Inca language and moved people around to other places. Never developed a writing system. Started out as just one society in the region, eventually absorbed all the others.
54
Senorios
Small tribal chiefdoms in the Andes that were always in competition. Incas were just one of many. Shows again how a very small group of people rose to be the rulers of a massive empire.
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Tawantinsuyu
Means "land of the four corners." This is the name the Incas gave to themselves. This shows the influence mod-day historians have on the naming of things.
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Reciprocity
1438-1532. This is what the Incans used to expand their empire rather than simply conquering. The actual act of reciprocity was a very old concept in the Andes—it was regular for a chief of a senorio to exchange “gifts” to create alliances. The receiver is now in debt. The Inca would approach the chief of a senorio and give him gifts; the the chief received it he would have to repay the Inca (usually in a demand for labor), if he refused the Inca would go to war and make them join the empire by force. Very aggressive gift giving. The Inca took an old tradition and expanded it to a greater scale.
57
Chincha
A costal senorio that in 1450, the Incas sent their general to give the chief gifts. In return, the senorio had to build a palace for the Inca emperor. In 1460 the son of the emperor came, gave gifts again, and told the senorio to build roads to the Inca empire. In 1490 they were pretty much completely absorbed into the empire. This is an excellent example that building the Incan Empire took a lot of time and resources since the Incans utilized reciprocity.
58
Mita
A labor tax where a citizen worked a certain amount of time for the Incan government to pay taxes. It was in this way that the Incans were able to build 25,000 km of road systems as well as palaces, public works, agriculture, and textiles—this also shows how deep reciprocity was working in the Incan empire—it held the empire together.
59
Quipu
A device for information storage in the Incan empire. It had a primary chord, then other strings hanging down with knots on the strings. Different amounts and types of knots meant different things, and different chords are used (wool/cotton), as well as different color—so it could be more complex than we think. Some scholars think it might have been a binary-like system.
60
Salasaca
Ethnic group of Native Americans. They originated in Bolivia, but the Incans moved them to Ecuador (because Salsaca were loyal to the Incans). They were moved to Ecuador because they are loyal to the Incans—this meant that people the Incans trusted were in the newly-conquered area.
61
Yoruba
Many different groups and ethnicities in western Africa. Most urbanized group, Ife was their most important city. Very adept at metal working and bronze casting of heads. Culture and religion spread to other surrounding kingdoms.
62
Oni of Ife
The king and a sacred figure, even though he had no real political power. Other kings in the kingdom would claim descent from him, legitimizing their reign.
63
Benin
14-15th c. Gained a lot of power in the 15th century and grew and expanded with the rule of Ewuare. Benin is also known for its art: the art is so sophisticated that scholars in 20th century didn’t think that Africans could produce anything of its quality (Artists at Ife developed a way to cast bronze heads and Benin borrowed this practice from Ife, but Benin not quite as realistic, more syalized “court art”. We think these heads commemorated some obas).
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Oba
The king of Benin. Until the 15th c. was a purely ritual figure with no real power. When the Oba gains power he starts appointing chiefs (now loyal to him), political and military leader, and controlled the terms of trade with outsiders.
65
Ewuare
r. 1440-1480. Oba of Benin that gained power for himself as the Oba, changed the way things were done. Started building public works and walls around his cities (keep people in and out), and creates an elaborate court structure: the appearance of the king is surrounded by a lot of ceremony, the Oba is now elevated and distanced from everyone else.
66
Duchy of Burgundy
A political power that arose and thrived in Europe in from 1363-1477. Initially controlled an area in France, later acquires territory in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The territory is very diverse and multi-national, and in addition, it is not a continuous segment of land. Would derive much of income from the Low Countries, revenues of dukes were higher than the French King. This money made the dukes patrons of art and education. They became models for other Europeans administratively and culturally.
67
Apanage
A piece of land given to a younger son who is not in line to be king (practice of primogeniture). When a duke died without an heir the territory would be returned to the king.
68
Philip the Bold
r. 1363-1404. The youngest son of the French king John II. He was given an apanage in eastern France, was the first Duke of Burgundy. He greatly expanded his territory by marrying Margaret of Flanders. At this time the French were occupied with the 100 year war, and the holy roman empire wasn't very powerful anymore, so Philip could really do whatever he wanted.
69
Philip the Good
r. 1419-1467. The third duke of Burgundy, continued marrying for land. Played both sides of the 100 year war, finally sided with France for good after they gave him more land.
70
Chambre des comptes
1363-1477. One of the institutions that the Duchy borrowed from the French. Literally means “accounting chambers”. They handled all the duke’s financial needs and accounts—kept records of everything. The headquarters is at the capital, Dijon. Made the institutions they borrowed even more sophisticated and efficient—so much so that many Europeans later borrowed from them.
71
Estates
1363-1477 One of the institutions that the Duchy borrowed from the French. Each estate elected officials to go to Brussels to negotiate/debate with the Duke; could represent the nobility, clergy of certain territories, etc..Made the institutions they borrowed even more sophisticated and efficient—so much so that many Europeans later borrowed from them.
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Parlement
1363-1477. One of the institutions that the Duchy borrowed from the French. The law court, appellate court; handed appeals from lower courts and the Duke's decrees to pass into law. The Duchy borrowed this from the French, but made the institutions they borrowed even more sophisticated and efficient—so much so that many Europeans later borrowed from them.
73
Order of the golden fleece
1430. Founded by Philip the Good—founded as an order of knights (originally duke + 23 knights, later expanded) who were meant to protect Christianity (in theory, crusading was a big element) and preserve “knightly” virtues: chivalry (MOST important one), truth, honor, valor, etc. Members were all nobility and it was very prestigious. Because so many diverse people are involved, ideas would spread throughout the Duchy. This was also another way for dukes to manage the diversity of their subjects and maintain control of their lands. This also promoted many “positive” virtues such as chivalry to the different peoples, who would then practice these virtues in hopes to get in. Since it is very prestigious to get in, it was a honor to be initiated, and so these men were loyal to the Duke. Also, it held such an impact that other Europeans founded their own orders trying to imitate the Duchy.
74
Charles the Rash
r. 1467-1477. The fourth and last duke of Burgundy. He wanted to group all his territories together—make continuous, and be king. The 100 years war was ended; the “Spider King” (a cunning man) ruled in France, would have none of Charles's shenanigans. Charles used military force to try and take land between his territories. At the Battle of Nancy, he died. His rule marked the end of the great reign of the Duchy of Burgundy. Because he died in his pursuit of becoming king and expanding land at the Battle of Nancy, he had no son to inherit, only a daughter, Mary, so France took back the original territory. However, Mary married Maxemillion, son of the Holy Roman Emperor of the time, who took over and ruled the remaining land.
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Nancy
1477. The battle that took place between Charles the Rash and another Duke. Charles the Rash lost this battle and died, marking the end of the Duchy of Burgundy because he left no heir—only his daughter Mary.
76
Charles V
r. 1519-1556. Grandson to Mary, great grandson of Charles the Rash. He happened to be alive at the right time when all his ancestors associated with the Burgundy died—he inherited Franche-Comte (Grandma Duchess Mary of Burgundy), Austria and Germany (Dad Philip the Handsom, Holy Roman Emperor), and Spain (Mom, Spanish princess). He became a world monarch because of all of his inheritances—he would later become a major figure in 16 century.
77
Renaissance
14-15th c. A movement associated with the rebirth of art, culture, science, philosophy that started in Northern Italy. Heavily associated with humanism. The word always has a positive connotation—newness and new, positive things. This movement was deeply involved in looking to the past, so the present is affected by the past (backwards-looking). It later turned into a movement of phonology. Scholars wanted to bring back the art of rhetoric by returning to old Latin. This had a huge impact on the culture, society, and education of its time. It also spread to other parts of Europe and held significant impacts there as well. they went back to the way things were done because they thought the ancients “did it right." Created the Middle Ages because before this, the people saw themselves as part of the past and not changed. But as a result of the Renaissance, they realized that they were different.
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Humanism
It began originally as an educational movement in the 14th century. Background: The three main elements of ancient education: grammar, rhetoric (speaking clearly, persuasion), and logic. In Renaissance, logic had started to dominate. In 14th century, there was a reaction against logic towards rhetoric. In the 15th century, rhetoric moved because of philology (study of language, parts, history, sound). It is primarily an elite movement because one has to know how to read and know Latin to be a humanist. Led to the renaissance and the turning back to the ancient Greek and Christian authors. People who were humanists were very influential in the Renaissance and had a huge impact (Petrarch, Valla). They started the “trend”
79
Petracrch
1304-1374. He was an Italian poet, humanist, and scholar who was deeply concerned with language, particularly Latin. One of the most important peoples associated with the Renaissance. He thought that the Middle Ages corrupted Latin, so Medieval Latin should be ignored, and that we should go back to the ancient authors—clear rhetoric. He helped the movement of the Renaissance and is considered the greatest humanist of the 14 century. He helped started the trend of looking into the past for guidance from the ancient authors.
80
Lorenzo Valla
1407-1457. The most important 15th century Italian Catholic priest who was also a humanist and a great phonologist. Interested in studying manuscripts via philology. Discovered that the Donation of Constantine a fraud by using philology, great boost to the study. t also would later affect religion and the religious movements that are to come.
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Donation of Constantine
8th c. This was a document that was proven a fraud by Lorenzo Valla. It claimed to be written in the 4th c. about the emperor Constantine, seeking a cure of his leprosy, was converted and baptized by Pope Sylvester I. Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. Valla proved it false by comparing the language to known documents from the 4th c., found they didn't match. Obliterated the legitimacy of papal power, brought philology as a part of the renaissance, and moved the renaissance into more religious thinking.
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Northern Renaissance
16th c. The renaissance moved north of the Alps (out of Italy) and spread to other European areas. started moving into science and law (look back at ancient texts to study these and make sure we have the right texts). It still is heavily involved the humanism—so an elite movement. However, it modulated and became more Christian and less classical (classical antiquity did not vanish, Christian elements just more important). There were 2 strands 1. Cosmopolitan 2. Anti-Clerical, Anti-Roman.
83
Erasmus
1466-1536. Dutch humanist born in the Netherlands associated with the Cosmopolitan movement of the Northern Renaissance. He was deeply interested in Christianity (He wrote a new addition of Greek NT compared with other texts: bilingual texts. He shows the continuous movement back to the original, ancient languages and manuscripts as well as the movement from the classical aspects of the renaissance to the Christian. This new text would also later raise some questions with the Catholic church because of translations, led to the reformation.
84
Ulrich von Hutten
1488-1523. A German knight, humanist, scholar, and poet associated with the Anti-Clerical, Anti-Roman (referring to city and popes) Activist branch of the Northern Renaissance. He wrote satires mocking clergy and their hippocracy—very harsh satires. One of the most important humanists of his time. A lot of his works would lead people to question the Holy Catholic Church and their teachings—helping to fuel the fire for the Reformation that is to come.
85
Ceuta
1415 the Portuguese captured as a foot hold in Africa, led to further African exploration.
86
Prince Henry the Navigator
1394-1460. Sponsored many voyages down the African coast. Old view said he did it for the sake of knowledge, now we know he really wanted to find an island to rule. Also wanted to find Asia because it was thought to be very rich. He was also deeply interested in Astrology, and a biographer wrote about Henry and said that Henry financed the trips because of his horoscope); Desire to Crusade still very strong (this led to the capture of Ceuta). After he died voyages still continued.
87
Prester John
1145,1165. A fictional character who only existed in the European Imagination. He was supposedly an incredibly powerful Christian King “out there somewhere” First mention of him in 1145 by a bishop to pope; 1165—a letter from Prestor John to Byzantine Emperor wanting to ally and fight Muslims. He was supposed to be rich and powerful king in Asia. Never found him there, so then in the 14/15 centuries, the Europeans thought Prestor John was an African King. This gave them hope in their crusades. Also, this shows just how desperate the Europeans are to squeeze the Muslims into a vice. Also gives motivation for the Portuguese to be sailing—they’re looking for Prestor John.
88
Shen Zhou
1427-1509. Greatest Chinese painter of the 15th c. Was from a wealthy family, so never had to take the civil exam, was able to just paint. Most famous for landscapes, human form wasn't important in Chinese art. Most famous painting is Lofty Mount Lu; there is a poem written on it, which was also an art form in China, very commonly done.
89
Sesshu Toyo
1420-1506. Greatest Japanese painter of the 15th c. Came from a samurai painting, became a Buddhist monk. Went to China for a time and was very influenced by their art work. Japanese are typically depicted Chinese landscape, but Sesshu was the first person in the 15th c. to paint a Japanese landscape. Also painted folding screens, common theme was of the four seasons.
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Ponch'ong ware
Pottery in Korea in the 15th c. Earthy and not pretentious, used by both common and elite people.
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Celadon
Came before Ponch'ong pottery in Korea. Beautiful, refined pottery, covered in a green glaze.
92
Guaman Poma
r. 1535-1615. An Indian that assimilated to Spanish culture after their invasion of the Inca empire. Was tired of the Spaniard abuses, so decided to write an account about it to the Spanish king.
93
Nueva Coronica y buen gobierno
1615 Written by Guaman Poma to tell the king about the abuses of the Spaniards. Went into a lot of detail about life in the Inca empire.
94
Lost wax casting
15-16th c. A method used in Benin to form brass heads. Make a wax model, encase it in clay. Bake the clay so all the wax melts out through a channel, then fill with molten metal. Shows how refined the people of Benin were.
95
Sapi-Portuguese style
15-16th c. As the Portuguese started trading more with the Sapi people they started commissioning works. Soon the works started to blend between African and European art styles. The Africans and Europeans were actually working on equally grounds, one not better than the other.
96
John the fearless
r. 1404-19. Second duke of Burgundy, was assassinated by a French relative. As his body was carried back to Burgundy a procession of mourners followed him back. In 1410 commissioned a grand tomb, but it wasn't finished until 1470. Around the bottom of 40 individual carvings of mourners Massive, elaborate, beautiful tomb (matches his father Philip the Bold). Shows the extent to which the Duchy supported art.
