Final - Terms Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is a homolog?
A
pairs of chromosomes
2
Q
What is a zygote?
A
a fertilized egg
3
Q
What is a centromere?
A
a region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach, its how the chromosome moves around in a cell when it needs to
4
Q
What is interphase?
A
The time between divisions in the cell cycle
5
Q
What are somatic cells?
A
Non-reproductive cells
6
Q
What are gametes?
A
sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes
7
Q
What is spermatocyte?
A
diploid cells that undergo meiosis to form spermatids
8
Q
What are spermatids?
A
The 4 haploid cells produced by meiotic division of a spermatocyte
9
Q
What is spermatozoa?
A
the little swimmers
10
Q
What is an oocyte?
A
A cell from which the ovum develops from meiosis
11
Q
What is a polar body?
A
cells produced in female meiosis that will not function as gametes
12
Q
What is an ovum?
A
the haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes the functional gamete
13
Q
What is an allele?
A
one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, usually distinguished from other alleles by its phenotypic effects
14
Q
What is a locus?
A
the position of a gene on a chromosome
15
Q
What is homozygous?
A
having identical alleles for one or more genes
16
Q
What is heterozygous?
A
carrying two different alleles for one or more genes
17
Q
What is a testcross?
A
crossing an organism with a dominant genotype to a recessive homozygous for a specific phenotype in order to determine dominant/recessiveness of the unknown genotype
18
Q
What is a backcross?
A
the cross of an individual (F1) with one of its parents (F2) or an organism with the same genotype as a parent
19
Q
What is epistasis?
A
the interaction of two or more non-allelic genes to control a single phenotype
20
Q
What is hemizygous?
A
a gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition
21
Q
What is penetrance?
A
the probability of a gene being expressed
22
Q
What is expressivity?
A
the range of phenotypes resulting from a given genotype
23
Q
What is a sex-influenced trait?
A
traits controlled by autosomal genes that are usually dominant in one sex but recessive in the other
24
Q
What is a sex-limited trait?
A
traits that produces a phenotype in only one sex
25
What is assortative mating?
individuals with similar genotypes/phenotypes mate with one another more frequently
26
What is consanguineous?
marriage or mating among related individuals
27
What is pleiotropy?
the single gene controlling or influencing multiple phenotypes
28
What is a phenocopy?
an environmentally induced phenotype mimicking one usually produced by a single genotype
29
What is a multifactorial trait?
trait that results from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes
30
What is a polygenic trait?
traits that are controlled by two or more genes
31
What is a complex trait?
traits controlled by multiple genes, the interaction of genes with each other, and with environmental factors where the contributions of genes and environment are undefined
32
What are 1st degree relatives?
parents, siblings, and children
33
What are 2nd degree relatives?
grandparents, nephews, aunts and uncles and neices
34
What are 3rd degree relatives?
first cousins, great-grandparents, great grandchildren
35
What is a quantitive trait?
the product of two or more genes and their environment
36
What is quantitive trait loci?
stretches of DNA containing or linked to the genes that underlie a quantitive trait
37
What is heritability?
an expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype
38
What is variance?
genetic diversity in a population as a result of gene combinations
39
What is concordance?
agree between traits exhibited by both twins
40
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure
41
What is atherosclerosis?
high blood pressure
42
What is a karyotype?
a complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence
43
What is a centromere?
a region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome its shape
44
What is a biopsy?
medical removal of a tissue to test
45
What is a polyploid?
an organism with one or more extra sets of chromosomes
46
What is a euploid?
having a balanced set of any number of chromosomes
47
What is an aneuploid?
having a chromosome number not a multiple of a haploid number
48
What is cytogenetics?
the branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of gens and chromosomes with microscopy
49
What is a triploid?
having three of every chromosome in a set
50
What is a tetraploid?
having four of every chromosome in a set
51
What is monosomy?
a condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing; having one less than the diploid number (2n-1)
52
What is trisomy?
a condition in which one chromosome in present in three copies, whereas all other are diploid; having one more than the diploid number (2n+1)
53
What is deletion?
a mutation in which part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA is missing
54
What is duplication?
any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene
55
What is inversion?
segment of chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself
56
What is translocation?
a chromosomal abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between non-homologous chromosomes
57
What are acentric chromosomes?
a chromosome lacking a centromere
58
What is a dicentric chromosome?
a chromosome with 2 centromeres
59
What is a mosaic?
the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg
60
What is a double blind study?
study where no one knows the critical aspects of the experiment
61
What is dispermy?
the entrance of two spermazoa in one egg
62
What is the vas deferens?
a duct connected to the epididymis, which sperm travels through
63
What is an oviduct?
connects the ovary to the uterus
64
What is a uterus?
female organ where an early embryo will implant and develop through pregnancy
65
What is a placenta?
an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall which allows nutrient intake, waste elimination
66
What are gonads?
organs where gametes are produced
67
What are testes?
male gonads that produce spermatozoa and sex hormones
68
What is an ovary?
female gonads that produce oocytes and female sex hormones
69
What is fertilization?
the fusion of two gametes to product a zygote
70
What is an androgen?
male sex hormone
71
What is a Barr body?
an inactivated X chromosome
72
What is a hermaphrodite?
shemale
73
What is a pseudohermaphrodite?
transexual
74
What is testosterone?
steroid produced by the testes, male sex hormone
75
What is estrogen?
female sex hormone
76
What is progesterone?
female hormone produced by the ovaries during the release of a mature egg from the ovary
77
What is ambiguous sex?
one who is independent of sex
78
What are nucleotides?
the basic building block of DNA and RNA. each nucleotide consists of a base, a phosphate, and a sugar
79
What is pre-mRNA?
the transcript made from the DNA template that is processed and modified to form messenger RNA
80
What is mRNA?
a single stranded complementary copy of the amino acid coding nucleotide sequence of a gene
81
What is rRNA?
RNA molecules the help form part of the ribosome
82
What are ribosomes?
Cytoplasmic particles that aid in the production of proteins
83
What is tRNA?
a small RNA molecule that contains a binding site for a specific type of amino acid and has a three base segment known as an anti-codon that recognizes a specific base sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA)
84
What is an intron?
DNA sequences present in some genes that transcribed but are removed during processing and therefore are not present in mature mRNA
85
What is an exon?
DNA sequences that are transcribed, joined to other exons during mRNA processing, and translated into amino acid sequence of a protein
86
What is an enzyme?
a protein that speeds up chemical reactions
87
"ase" as a suffix means what?
used to form names of enzymes
88
What is a peptide bond?
a covalent chemical link between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
89
What is the N-terminus?
the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free amino group
90
What is the C-terminus?
the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free carboxyl group
91
What a codon?
triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein
92
What is an anti-codon?
a group of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that pairs with a complementary sequence (codon) in an mRNA molecule
93
What is the promoter?
a region of a DNA molecule to which RNA polymerase binds an initiates transcription
94
What is transcription?
transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated by RNA synthesis
95
What is translation?
conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
96
What is a template strand?
the single stranded DNA that serves to specify the nucleotide sequence of a newly synthesized polynucleotide strand
97
What is a substrate?
the specific chemical compound that is acted on by an enzyme
98
What is a product?
result of substrate x enzyme
99
What is a metabolic pathway?
Sequence of biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes
100
What is an essential amino acid?
amino acids that cannot by synthesized in the body and must be supplied in the diet
101
What is achondroplasia?
form of dwarfism
102
What is a mutagen?
an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that caused genetic mutation
103
What is an ionizing radiation?
radiation that produces ions during the interaction with other matter, including molecules in cells
104
What is nucleotide substitution?
mutations that involve the replacement of one or more nucleotides in a DNA molecule with other nucleotides
105
What is xeroderma pigmentosum?
extreme sensitivity to UV rays
106
What is a thymine dimer?
A molecular lesion in which chemical bonds form between a pari of adjacent thymine bases in a DNA molecule
107
What is benign tumor?
a tumor that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue
108
What is metastasis?
a process by which cells detach from the primary tumor and move to other sites, forming new malignant tumors
109
What are somatic mutations?
mutations that aren't inherited nor passed to offspring
110
What is apoptosis?
a cell self destructs
111
What is a clone?
genetically identical molecules, cells, or organism, all derived from a single ancestor
112
What are stem cells?
cells that can replicate themselves and form a variety of cell types in the body
113
What is reproductive cloning?
cloning through a surrogate mother
114
What is therapeutic cloning?
a procedure in which damaged tissues or organs are repaired or replaced with genetically identical cells that originate from undifferentiated stem cells
115
What is the gene pool?
the set of genetic information carried by the members of a sexually reproducing population
116
What is genetic equilibrium?
the situation when the allele frequency for a particular gene remains constant from generation to generation
117
What is the founder effect?
establishment of a new population with a few original founders
118
What is genetic polymorphism?
the existence of many forms of DNA sequences at a locus within the population
