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OTB 525- Mental Health > Final Terms > Flashcards

Final Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sleep?

A

Sleep is a naturally recurring state and a universal experience across all cultures

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2
Q

Circadian Clock

A

regulates hormones and temperatures during sleep resulting in effective or restful sleep.

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3
Q

Internal clock

A

regulates the “perfect” amount of sleep a person needs for best functioning

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4
Q

Sleep Deprivation/Sleep debt

A

owes” sleep hours towards rest

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5
Q

REM sleep:

A

sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements,
** more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing.

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6
Q

Non REM (NREM) sleep:

A

sleep is dreamless* sleep. During NREM, the brain waves on the electroencephalographic (EEG) recording are typically slow and of high voltage,

**breathing and heart rate are slow and regular, the blood pressure is low, and the sleeper is relatively still.

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7
Q

Acute Stress:

A

body stress is normal important for survival; adrenaline cortisol is released; can affect bodies ability to calm down and sleep

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8
Q

Chronic Stress:

A

long exposure to stress; hippo campus functions poorly, accelerated neuron death

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9
Q

Insomnia

A

sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms: Difficulty falling asleep. Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep

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10
Q

Psychophysiological insomnia (Conditioned insomnia)

A

individuals say that can’t sleep in a certain room or bed or they may avoid it- but object has noting to do with their insomnia

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11
Q

Stimulus Control Therapy

A

de-conditioning, break cycle of problems

(go to bed when sleepy, use the bed only for sleeping, don’t lay in the bed and can’t sleep; awaken the same time/avoid napping)

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12
Q

Sleep Restriction Therapy

A

increase sleep efficiency , decrease amount of time lying in bed, be aware of daytime sleepiness, don’t sleep at other times of the day,

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13
Q

Relaxation Therapies

A

Progressive relaxation, Guided imagery (don’t do with pt who experiences hallucinations), Deep breathing

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14
Q

Biofeedback:

A

use physiologically marks to increase self-awareness

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15
Q

Cognitive Training:

A

targets negative emotional thoughts

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16
Q

Hypersomnolence Disorder

A

Excessive sleepiness that is serious, debilitating, and can be life threatening

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17
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep attacks of irresistible sleepiness leading to 10-20 min of sleep, feel refreshed briefly

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18
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

A

Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep

Results in reduced oxygen and transient arousal then respiration resumes

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19
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

Occur in elderly, absence of breathing due to lack of respiratory effort, Like OSA but NO breathing is seen in abdominals or chest

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20
Q

Idiopathic central sleep apnea

A

high CO2 in arteries, low CO2 in veins, daytime sleepiness, wake up with shortness of breath

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21
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A

prolong hyper-pena, alternating with apena, hypo-pena, respiratory rate changes fast to slow to absent seen in older man with CHF or stroke

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22
Q

Central sleep apnea co-morbid with opioid use

A

causes impairment of neuro-muscular respiration

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23
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Delayed sleep phase type

A

natural biological clocks run slower, more alert in the evening, more tired in the morning (night owl)

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24
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced sleep phase type

A

shifts earlier, wake earlier, tired in the evening, early bird

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25
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Irregular sleep-wake type

A

sleep wake cycle is absent,, sleep is unpredictable, fragments sleep -individuals who has Alzheimer

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26
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Free running (24 hour sleep wake type):

A

greater or less than 24 hrs and reset every morning (TBI or blind)

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27
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Shift work type

A

insomnia, excessive sleepiness, results in sleep deprivation

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28
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Jet Lag:

A

disorder, travel across time zone

night owl have time traveling east, early birds have trouble traveling west

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29
Q

Parasomnias

A

disruptive sleep disorders that can occur during arousals from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. They can result in undesirable physical or verbal behaviors, such as walking or talking during sleep

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30
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome:

A

general twitching

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31
Q

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

A

twitch

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32
Q

Sleep-related Bruxism

A

grinding, clenching teeth

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33
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder:

A

binge drinking; drink non-alcoholic beverages

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34
Q

Alcohol Intoxication:

A

drunkenness, stumbling

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35
Q

Alcohol Withdrawal:

A

seizure, delirium, if untreated can cause mortality, can occur up to 1 week after stop drinking

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36
Q

Alcohol-induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder

A

memory loss due to prolong abuse, drinking for a long period of time, rare under 35 yrs old

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37
Q

Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder

A

depressant, 80% results in depression

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38
Q

Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder

A

can last for several hours, or even for an entire day after drinking. … It’s common for people with social anxiety disorder to drink alcohol to cope with social interactions

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39
Q

Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction:

A

unable to perform sexually

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40
Q

Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder:

A

difficult sleeping

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41
Q

Hallucinogen Related Disorders

A

Intoxicants: associated with panic attack, delirium, mood and anxiety

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42
Q

Inhalant related Disorders

A

Volatile substances or solvents turn into gastric fumes (aerosol more common gasoline etc)

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43
Q

Other Personality Disorders: Depressive

What is it?

A

Pessimistic, duty bound, self doubting, chronically unhappy, lonely solemn, gloomy, submissive, self deprecating

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44
Q

4 Dimensions of Temperament

A

Harm Avoiding
Novelty Seeking
Reward Dependence
Persistence

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45
Q

4 Dimensions of Temperament: Harm Avoiding

A 
High = pessimistic, fearful, shy, fatigable
Low = optimistic, daring, outgoing, energetic
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46
Q

4 Dimensions of Temperament: Novelty Seeking

A 
High = exploratory, impulsive, extravagant, irritable
Low = Reserved, deliberate, thrifty, stoical
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47
Q

4 Dimensions of Temperament: Reward Dependence

A

High = sentimental, Open warm, affectionate

Low = detached, aloof, cold, independent

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48
Q

4 Dimensions of Temperament:Persistence

A

High = industrious, determined, enthusiastic, perfectionist

Low = lazy, spoiled, underachiever, pragmatist

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49
Q

PEO: Person

A

Person is mind, body, and spirit

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50
Q

PEO: Environment

A

Context in which occupation takes place
Cultural
Physical
Social

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51
Q

PEO: Occupation

A

Everyday life activities that are goal directed, meaningful to individual and culturally relevant

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52
Q

Personality Disorders:

Cluster A

A

odd, aloof features

schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid
Often comorbid with schizophrenia

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53
Q

Personality Disorders:

Cluster B

A

dramatic, impulsive, erratic features (borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic)

Borderline PD often comorbid with depression
Antisocial PD often comorbid with alcohol abuse
Histrionic PD often comorbid with somatosensory disorder

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54
Q

Personality Disorders:

Cluster C

A

anxious and fearful features (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)

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55
Q

Personality Disorders: Fantasy

A

seek solace and satisfaction within themselves by creating imaginary lives & imaginary friends

56
Q

Personality Disorders: Dissociation

A

the replacement of unpleasant affects with pleasant ones; they may be labeled as histrionic personalities

57
Q

Personality Disorders: Isolation

A

a characteristic of controlled, orderly persons who are often labeled as obsessive-compulsive;

58
Q

Personality Disorders: Projection

A

atients attribute their own unacknowledged feelings to others; fault-finding and sensitivity to criticism

59
Q

Personality Disorders: Splitting

A

the people whom patients’ are feeling ambivalent are divided into good and bad

60
Q

Personality Disorders: Passive aggression

A

turning their anger against themselves; also called masochism

61
Q

Personality Disorders: Acting out-

A

tantrums, apparently motiveless assaults, child abuse, and pleasureless promiscuity are common examples

62
Q

Personality Disorders: Projective identification

A

occurs mainly in borderline personality disorder– long-standing suspicion and mistrust of people in general

63
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A
  • Long-standing suspicion and mistrust of persons in general
  • They refuse responsibility for their own feelings and assign responsibility to others & they are often hostile, irritable, and angry
  • Muscular tension, inability to relax, constantly scanning the environment, & their manner is often humorless and serious
64
Q

Schizoid personality disorder: Cluster A

A

viewed as eccentric, isolated, or lonely

Discomfort with human interaction

Introversion

Bland & constricted affect are noteworthy

May seem cold and aloof; may appear quiet, distant, seclusive, and unsociable; little need for emotional ties

Non-competitive, lonely jobs, they may have non-human interests (e.g. astronomy, mathematics, strongly attachment to animals

Appear lost in daydreams & self-absorbed, but they have normal capacity to recognize reality

65
Q

Schizotypal:

A

Strikingly odd or strange, even to laypersons

Magical thinking, peculiar notions, ideas of reference, illusions, and derealization are part of a schizotypal person’s everyday world

May have brief psychotic episodes when under stress, but they never persist (differentiates from schizophrenia)

Clinical features: disturbed thinking and communicating; their speech may be distinctive and peculiar, may have meaning only to them, and often needs interpretation

66
Q

Antisocial:

A

Inability to conform to the social norms that ordinarily govern many aspects of a person’s adolescent and adult behavior

These patients can act composed and credible, however, within them lurks tension, hostility, irritability, and rage

Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest, lack of remorse, consistent irresponsibility, reckless regard for safety of self of others

May appear normal and even charming
lying , truancy, running away from home, thefts, fights, substance abuse, and illegal activities are typical behaviors

They exhibit no anxiety or depression

67
Q

Borderline personality disorder:

A

On the border between neurosis and psychosis

Extraordinarily unstable affect, mood, behavior, object relations, and self-image

Almost always appear to be in a state of crisis, mood swings are common

Patients can be argumentative one moment, depressed the next, then complaining they have no feelings the next

May have short lived psychotic episodes

Highly unpredictable behavior

Repetitive self-destructive acts (to elicit help from others, to express anger, or to numb themselves to overwhelming affect)

They feel both dependent and hostile– they are dependent on those whom they are close with & when frustrated, can express enormous anger towards them

Cannot tolerate being alone, frantic search for companionship, no matter how unsatisfactory to their own company

68
Q

Histrionic:

A

Are excitable and emotional and behave colorful, dramatic, extroverted fashion

However, unable to maintain deep, long-lasting attachments

High degree of attention-seeking behavior

They tend to exaggerate their thoughts and feelings to make everything sound more important than it really is

They display temper tantrums, tears, and accusations when they are not the center of attention or receiving praise or approval

Seductive behaviors, may act on their sexual impulses to reassure themselves that they are attractive to the other sex, flirtatious, superficial relationships, vain, self-absorbed, fickle, overly trusting and gullible

Defense mechanisms: repression and dissociation

69
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder:

A

Characterized by a heightened sense of self-importance, lack of empathy, grandiose feelings of uniqueness

Underlyingly, their self-esteem is fragile & vulnerable to even minor criticism

They consider themselves special and expect special treatment

Handle criticism poorly
Ambitious to achieve fame or fortune

70
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead to socially withdrawn lives

Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance

Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed

Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations

Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others

Hypersensitivity to rejection & timid

They are afraid to speak up in public or make requests of others

They are apt to misinterpret other persons’ comments as derogatory or ridiculing

Rarely attain much personal advancement or exercise much authority; often take jobs “on the sidelines”

71
Q

Dependent personality disorder:

A

Subordinate their own needs to those of others, get others to assume responsibility for major areas of their lives, lack self-confidence, and may experience severe discomfort when alone for more than a brief period

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood & present in a variety of contexts

Difficulty making everyday decisions

Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their lives
Difficulty with initiation

72
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Characterized by emotional constriction, orderliness, perseverance, stubbornness, and indecisiveness

Essential feature: a pervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility

Stiff, informal, and rigid demeanor with flat or blunted affect, lack spontaneity & usually a serious mood

Their answers to questions are unusually detailed

Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, and schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost

Perfectionism that interferes with task completion
Insist that rules be followed rigidly and cannot tolerate what they consider infractions

73
Q

Passive aggressive personality

A

Characterized by covert obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, and inefficiency

Procrastinate, resist demands for adequate performance, find excuses for delays, and finds fault with those on whom they depend, they refuse to extricate themselves from the dependent relationships

Lack assertiveness and are not direct about their own needs and wishes

74
Q

Depressive personality

A

Pessimistic, anhedonic, duty bound, self-doubting, and chronically unhappy

75
Q

Sadism

A

the desire to cause others pain

76
Q

Masochism

A

the achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain on themselves

77
Q

Engagement

A

Occupational engagement is integral to a human and focus of OT. Human experience of occupation must be considered.

State of actively being involved or occupied.

Different levels of engagement (fully absorbed to passively involved)

78
Q

Enabling

A

Enabling as a focus of OT, enabling implies giving people the means to do or make a difference in their own health/wellbeing

Positively influences autonomy, self efficacy, coping, and problem solving

Enabling skills

79
Q

Spirituality

A

Essences of self, sense of purpose and meaning, relationship of self to larger society and the world

Humans express their spirituality through their occupations and experiences with occupations

80
Q

Client-centered practice and empowerment

A

Therapist client relationship is collaborative and a partnership

Clients actively involved, negotiates goals/interventions, and exercises choices

Client centered practice increases personal agency, autonomy, self confidence, and self efficacy

81
Q

Key Values of CMOP

A

Relationship between occupation, health, and wellbeing

82
Q

Center of CMOP is

A

spirituality

83
Q

Occupation & Meaning:
-Meaning found in 3 ways:
what are they?

A

1) doing deeds and creating work
2) life experience, encounter with people
3) suffering and adversity

84
Q

Occupation & Meaning:

4 Human needs of meaning what are they?

A
  • 4 Human needs of meaning:
    1) event has purpose
    2) consistent with persons values
    3) sense of control
    4) self worth of the individual
85
Q

Define Occupational Alienation

A

demeaning tasks to a client

*example giving an older adult task that finds it demeaning “babyish”

86
Q

ACL

  1. 0
  2. 6
  3. 0
  4. 6
  5. 2
  6. 0
  7. 6
  8. 8
  9. 2
  10. 8
  11. 4
  12. 0
A
  1. 0 Premeditated activity(independent)
  2. 6 Social Bonding, Anticipates safety, Driving, Child care
  3. 0 Intonations in speech
  4. 6 Live alone
  5. 2 Discharge to street
  6. 0 Independent Self Care
  7. 6 Cause & Effect
  8. 8 Grab bars
  9. 2 Walking
  10. 8 Pivot Transfer
  11. 4 Swallow
  12. 0 Conscious
87
Q 
ACL 
1
2
3
4
5
6
A

Level 1
Custodial care

Level 2
Mobile but Dependent in self care

Level 3
24 hr S and Mod A

Level 4
Min A IADLs

Level 5
Independent living

Level 6
Independent

88
Q

Canadian Triple Model

A

Defines how humans experience meaning through occupations and interaction between the person and environment

89
Q

Canadian Process Practice Framework

A

8 steps for delivering services that promote enablement of occupations in a client-centered manner

90
Q

Canadian Model of Client-Centered Enablement (CMCE)

A

** 8 steps for delivering services that promote enablement of occupations in a client-centered manner.**

Identifies and develops a range of enablement skills for occupations with sensitivity to collaboration, power, equity, and justice

91
Q

CMOP-E

A

Experience meaning

Describes how humans experience meaning through occupations/interaction between the person + environment

92
Q

CMCE

A

** enable skills**

Develops + identifies a range of enablement skills for occupations with sensitivity to collaboration, power, equity & justice

93
Q

Assertive Community Treatment

Social (ACT)

A

ACT: community reintegration to improve social functioning, vocational functioning, quality of life, and medication management.

Diagnosis: schizophrenia, homelessness, correctional facilities (inmates), substance abuse, veterans with disabilities, bipolar disorder

94
Q

Social Skills Training

A

Social skills are the basis of effective social performance and the training should be tailored to the particular job of the individual.

Diagnosis: Borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders,

95
Q

Supported Employment

A

Employment is essential to positive mental health and community participation. Supported employment helps people with psychiatric diagnoses find jobs and sustain employment

Diagnosis: 
Schizophrenia 
Bipolar 1 & 2 
PTSD
OCD
Anxiety Disorders
Substance Abuse Disorders
96
Q

Family Intervention (FI)

A

Outcomes for individuals with psychiatric disorders are related to the family environment. FI reduces relapse rates, enhance social adjustment of people with psychotic disorders. This reduces caregiver stress, burden, and improves coping skills.

Diagnosis:
Schizophrenia, DID, bipolar disorder

97
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

Four principles for treatment:
expressing empathy (let the client know that the change process is difficult)
develop discrepancy (identify differences between current bx and personal goals/values)
roll with resistance (avoid confrontation)
support self-efficacy (indicate that you believe the client is capable of making a change)
Typically offered in a brief format (sometimes just one session)
In contrast to typical behavioral change interventions, motivational interviewing using a collaborative approach and seeks to engage the client to want to change.

Diagnosis:

Substance abuse, smoking cessation, weight loss, and to increase interest in physical exercise

98
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy

Diagnosis:
borderline personality disorder

99
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
  4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. Negative symptoms (i.e
100
Q

Schizophrenia: paranoid type

A

preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations

101
Q

Schizophrenia: disorganized type

A

marked regression to primitive, disinhibited, and unorganized behavior and by the absence of symptoms that meet the criteria for the catatonic type

102
Q

Schizophrenia: catatonic type

A

marked disturbance in motor function; this disturbance may involve stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, or posturing.

103
Q

Schizophrenia: Undifferentiated Type

A

patients who clearly have schizophrenia cannot be easily fit into one type or another.

104
Q

Schizophrenia: Residual Type

A

Emotional blunting, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, illogical thinking, and mild loosening of associations commonly appear in the residual type

105
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

106
Q

Localized Amnesia

A

inability to recall events related to circumscribed period of time

107
Q

Selective Amnesia

A

ability to remember some but not all events related to a circumscribed period of time

108
Q

Generalized Amnesia

A

failure to recall one’s entire life

109
Q

Continuous Amnesia

A

failure to remember successive events as they occur

110
Q

failure to remember a category of info (such as memories of family or just one person in particular)

A

Systematized Amnesia

111
Q

is a condition characterized by sudden onset of memory loss and confusion.

A

Transient Global Amnesia:

112
Q

Define fugue

A

purposeful movement from one place to another

113
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

induced starvation to a significant degree—a behavior.

relentless drive for thinness or a morbid
fear of fatness—a psychopathology.

presence of medical signs and symptoms resulting from starvation—

114
Q

Anorexia nervosa: Restricting type

A

weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise.

  • attempts to consume fewer than 300 to 500 calories per day and no fat grams
  • relentlessly and compulsively overactive, with overuse athletic injurie
115
Q

Anorexia nervosa: Binge-eating/purging type

A

Purging represents a secondary compensation for the unwanted calories, most often accomplished by self-induced vomiting, frequently by laxative abuse, less frequently by diuretics, and occasionally with emetics

116
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

episodes of binge eating combined with inappropriate ways of stopping weight gain; typically maintain a normal body weight

117
Q

binge eating disorder

A

engage in recurrent binge eating during which they eat an abnormally large amount of food over a short time.

118
Q

Night Eating Syndrome

A

consumption of large amounts of food after the evening meal

119
Q

Purging Disorder

A

recurrent purging behavior after consuming a small amount of food in persons of normal weight who have a distorted view of their weight or body image.

-Purging behavior includes self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, enemas, and diuretics

120
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

represented by a diverse group of symptoms that include intrusive
thoughts, rituals, preoccupations, and compulsions.

-recurrent obsessions or compulsions cause severe distress to the person.

121
Q

Substance-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive/related disorder

A

emergence of obsessive-compulsive or related symptoms as a result of a substance, including drugs, medications, and alcohol.

122
Q

Olfactory Reference Syndrome

A

characterized by a false belief by the patient that he or she has a foul body odor that is not perceived by others

123
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance that
causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.

124
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

acquiring and not discarding things that are deemed to be of little or no value, resulting in excessive clutter of living spaces.

125
Q

Hair-Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania)

A

chronic disorder characterized by repetitive hair pulling, leading to variable hair loss that
may be visible to others.

126
Q

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

A

characterized by the compulsive and repetitive picking of the skin.

127
Q

Factitious dermatitis

A

a disorder in which skin-picking is the target of self-inflicted injury
and the patient uses more elaborate methods than simple excoriation to self-induce skin lesions.

128
Q

Major Depressive Disorder:

A

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day (per subjective report)

  • Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all (or almost all) activities most of the day, nearly every day
  • Significant weight loss when not dieting OR weight gain OR a decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day
129
Q

Bipolar I Disorder:

A

must experience a manic episode (at least 1 lifetime manic episode is required for the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder)
- manic episode is often preceded by hypomanic or major depressive episode

130
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

episodes of major depression and hypomania

131
Q

Postpartum depression

A

onset of symptoms within 4 weeks postpartum

132
Q

Anxiety and related disorders

A

associated with significant morbidity and often are chronic and resistant to treatment.

include (1) panic disorder, (2) agoraphobia, (3) specific phobia, (4) social anxiety disorder or phobia, and (5) generalized anxiety disorder.

133
Q

Panic Disorder:

A

An acute intense attack of anxiety accompanied by feelings of impending doom

134
Q

Agoraphobia

A

a fear of or anxiety regarding places from which escape might be difficult. **most disabling of the phobias*

135
Q

specific phobia

A

excessive fear of a specific object, circumstance, or situation.

136
Q

Social anxiety disorder (

A

fear of social situations, including situations that involve scrutiny or contact with strangers.

137
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder and treatment

A

excessive anxiety and worry about several events

OTB 525- Mental Health (4 decks)

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