Final test 1 Flashcards

Question

3 levels of fire ground organization? 4/9

Answer 1

1. Strategic levels – these are command functions 2. Tactical levels – these are sector functions 3, Task levels – these are the tasks of the fire fighters within a sector.

Answer 2

1. Base station 2. Mobile station 3. Portable station

Answer 3

1. Closed-circuit systems • Also known as re-breather apparatus • Uses dried compressed air or an oxygen source stored in a cylinder. • Exhaled air in a re-breather apparatus stays within the system. Carbon dioxide is ‘scrubbed’ from the exhaled and the air is then recycled into the inhaled air. • Provides longer air-supply duration then open circuit. • This system is not used by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department; however it is used by the City in the water & sanitation services. 2. Open circuit systems • Uses dried compressed air stored in a cylinder. • In an open-circuit SCBA exhaled air is vented through a regulator to the outside atmosphere. • This system is used by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department. 3. Supplied air systems (SABA) • Uses dried compressed air stored in a cylinder. • Air is supplied to the SCBA via a hose connected to an air cart or other large air supply cylinder. • This system has limited use by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department on Ladder apparatus NFPA

Answer 4

Firefighter – – Fire Fighter Qualified – – Captain – – Senior Captain – – District Chief – Platoon Chief – – Deputy Chief of Operations – – Fire Chief

Answer 5

PDP= NP+FL+APL (+/- EP)

Answer 6

1. Deck/Deluge Gun = 2650 LPM @700 kPa (E-One) New Units will operate @ 500 kPa 2. 65 mm Quick Attack Monitor Has 3 setting for flow: 950-1400-1900 LPM 1900 LPM at 1034 kPa – max pressure 3. Ladder = 7000 LPM @ 1000 kPa 4. Quints = 5682 LPM @ 700 kPa (reserve units)

Answer 7

1. Red High Rise Kit 2. Green High Rise Kit 3. Irons (Halligan/Axe) 4. SCBA 5. K-Tool 6. TIC

Answer 8

Pyrolysis defined is the chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating

Answer 9

Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction called combustion that releases energy in the form of heat and sometimes visible light.

Answer 10

Flashover is a very rapid transition from local burning of the contents within a compartment to widespread burning of all exposed fuels within that compartment.

Answer 11

1. Mobile Command 2. Nothing showing 3. Fast Attack

Answer 12

Fire Commands strategy is based on the building design and information provided – OFFENSIVE or DEFENSIVE and Fire Attacks strategy is also based on the building design and conditions – DIRECT or INDIRECT attack.

Answer 13

• Dry system – not filled with water until needed in firefighting. Used only by firefighters. Must be manually charged by fire department. • Wet system – standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times. • Wet/Dry Combination system – Portions of the system are pressured with water and other portions are pressured with air. The standpipe system can also be divided into one of three classes. * Class I - provides 65mm hose line connections to supply water. These are usually found in the stairwells of the high rise structure or at dedicated areas within a warehouse. * Class II – provides 38mm hose cabinets that may be used by either occupants or firefighters. * Class III – provides both a Class I and Class II standpipe system – hose cabinet and standpipe connection. The 65mm connection may be in the stairwell or found in the hose cabinet.

Answer 14

1. Laid Rope Laid rope is also called “twisted rope”. Generally laid rope is a 3 strand twisted method of construction. Rope will rotate under load. 2. Braid Rope Strands are braided in a flat pattern i.e. 3 braid, 5-braid, etc. Rope does not rotate under load 3. Double Braid Also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid. 4. Plaited Rope Is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called a square braid. This rope type is mostly used in the shipping industry. 5.Kernmantle Rope

Answer 15

1. O2 Deficiency 2. Smoke 3. Toxins 4. High temperatures

Answer 16

Fire EMS Hospital Mutual National Simplex Ebackup2 Fbackup2

Answer 17

Telephone (most common) Radio Walk-in

Answer 18

 Cylinder  Harness  Face Piece (no versitol?)  PASS System

Answer 19

4500,3600,300-400,200,85-110, 0.8-1.5

Answer 20

fuel, heat, oxygen, and self-sustaining chemical reaction

Answer 21

Signs and symptoms Allergies Medication Past Medical history Last Oral Intake Events leading up to

Answer 22

Through walls by heat **conduction** through pipes or beams  Through hallways or corridors by **convection, radiation, or direct flame contact**  Through open spaces by radiation or convection

Answer 23

1. Adiabatic pressure 2. Friction 3. Friction sparks

Answer 24

two floors below

Answer 25

The webbing is 25mm in width and is 6 meters in length. It is orange in color so that it can not be confused with other tubular webbing used for rope rescue or water rescue operations. The webbing has a rated breaking strength of 17.5 kN. This nearly doubles the 10 kN rating that is required for personal fall protection.

Answer 26

The larger the ratio of the Static System Safety factor the greater the safety factor. EFRS uses a SSSF of 10:1 this is approximately equivalent to a Dynamic System Safety Factor of 2:1. In other words the system is designed to withstand twice the dynamic force it may be subjected to.

Answer 27

 Type of construction  Available access to the doors, windows, or walls  Available tools  Time

Answer 28

4 Types of doors  Swinging (inward/outward)  Sliding  Revolving  Overhead

Answer 29

1. Awning 2. Factory projected 3. Slider 4. Jalousie 5. Hinged/Casement 6. Single hung

Answer 30

1. Flat roof 1. 1 Inverted roof 1. 2Rain Roof 1. 3 Wooden deck roof 1. 4Metal deck roof 1. 5 Concrete roof 1. 6 Poured Gypsum roof 1. 7 Mansard roof 2. Pitched roof 3. Curved or arched roof 4. Combination roofs

Answer 31

1. odourless, colourless 2. Flammable range 12.5 to 74% 3. Ignition temp. 610 C **Pentane** LEL 1.5% UEL 7.8% AUTO Ignition 260 C Vapour density Heavier Flashpoint -49 C

Answer 32

1. Inexpensive 2. Universal abundance 3. Ability to absorb heat 4. Can be conveyed long distances 5. Easily stored

Answer 33

1. Natural Anchors 2. Structural Anchors 3. Pseudo Anchors

Answer 34

1. Anchor System 2. Body holding harness 3. Rope rescue plan 4. Brake, belay, haul system

Answer 35

I.D.E.A.S.  Integrity - What is the integrity of the anchor point? How is it rooted to the ground or building? Does it have sufficient mass to withstand the force that may be applied to it?  Direction of Force – What is the direction of the force of the load upon the anchor? The anchor should be in line with the force being applied to it or any anticipated direction of force. Incorrect alignment may cause torqueing forces to the anchor, unequal loading of the anchor points or a pendulum of the rescue load.  Equalization & no Extension - The anchor legs should have equal tension placed on both legs. This will enable the anchor points to share the load of the system. Also, there should be no extension to the system. Extension refers to the movement of the focal point, should one anchor leg fail there should not be any extension of the anchor legs causing high impact forces to be placed on the remaining anchor point.  Angles - Examine the anchor system for “critical angles.” Critical angles increase the force of the load on the anchor points. This may cause a failure of the anchor system.  System of anchors - What type of anchor system is required for the situation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of designed system?

Answer 36

1. Red Bag - Biological contamination (Body Fluids) 2. Yellow Bag – Hazardous Materials (Acids, Hydrocarbons) 3. Green Bag – General Soiling

Answer 37

Rope Size Minimum Breaking Strength • 6 mm 9.7 kN \* • 8 mm 14.0 kN \* • 9 mm 16.0 kN \* • 11.1 mm 27.0 kN \* • 13 mm 46.0 kN \* • 25 mm tubular webbing 17.5 kN Steel Triangular Screw Link Breaking Strength 44.03 kN “Personal use” (“**P”-rated)** carabiners shall have a minimum major axis breaking strength of at least **26.67 kN** (27 kN)and a minimum minor axis breaking strength of a t least 7.33 kN. “General use” (“**G”-rated**) carabiners shall have a minimum major axis breaking strength of at least **40 kN** and a minimum minor axis breaking strength of a t least 10.67 kN. .

Answer 38

1. Primary Damage occurs as a result of the fire itself. 2. Secondary Damage occurs as a result of fire fighting efforts such as forcible entry, applying water, ventilation, search and rescue, and searching for hidden fires.

Answer 39

 Forcible entry  Water  Fire  Smoke

Answer 40

1. Hand – requiring human force 2. Electric – electric power, generally from portable generators 3. Pneumatic – power is generated by a compressed air source 4. Hydraulic – pump powered by electric generator 5. Gasoline – Gas powered tool such as a chainsaw….

Answer 41

The purpose of the marking system is three fold. 1. To clearly identify rooms that have be searched. 2. To keep track of where crews are if they go missing 3. To let a relief crew know how far the previous crew got if they were unable to finish their task.

Answer 42

1. The Normal Mode or start up mode (0-320 Fahrenheit) high sensitivity and low temperature shades of yellow till 275 degrees, Orange till 297 and then red till 320. 2. The Firefighting mode (320- 1040) Low sensitivity” and “High Temperature” 842 shades of yellow turning orange until 914 and then turn red to th ceiling temp of 1040.

Answer 43

Thermal Imaging Operations There are 3 keys to effective operation  Orientation  Interpretation  Communication

Answer 44

Examples for Thermal Imaging Camera applications:  Size – Up  Search and Rescue  Fire Attack  Ventilation  Overhaul  Hazardous Material Events  Wild Land Operations  Training  Exterior Woodland (missing persons) search  Water Rescue Events

Answer 45

1. Wind 2. Gravity 3. Air Friction

Answer 46

1. Wind 2. Gravity 3. Air Friction 4. Pattern 5. Velocity

Answer 47

1. Normal operating pressure 2. Residual pressure 3. Static pressure 4. Flow pressure

Answer 48

Flashover is the very rapid transition of the local burning within a compartment to the widespread burning of all fuels within that compartment

Answer 49

1. Most severely threatened. 2. Largest number that have gathered in groups. 3. The remainder.

Answer 50

1. Able bodied 2. Disabled 3. Unconcious

Answer 51

1. Fire Floor 2. Floor Above 3. Floor Below 4. Top Most Floor or Roof (if Accessible) 5. Remaining floor downward from the topmost or roof

Answer 52

Big gate position Duties of Big Gate for the purpose of laying a supply line in a forward lay. 1. Safely dismount the apparatus wearing all PPE carrying a radio. 2. Remove the hydrant gate from the rear of the apparatus. 3. Wrap 125 mm hose around the hydrant. 4. Stand on the hose and signal small gate when ready. 5. When the apparatus is stopped or when it is safe to do so, remove steamer cap from hydrant. 6. Inspect the barrel of hydrant and connect gate. 7. Ensure that the drain valve on hydrant gate is in the open position. 8. Radio or signal driver or sector officer that you are ready to turn on the hydrant. 9. Open hydrant when ordered by driver or sector officer, close drain valve. 10. Gather tools, remove kinks in the hose and report to your officer for reassignment.

Answer 53

Small gate position Duties of Small gate for the purpose of laying a supply line to the apparatus at the scene or to itself 1. Safely dismount the apparatus wearing all PPE carrying a radio. 2. If riding on a new Smeal Pumper ensure the coffin doors are electrically opened -- allows for free travel of hose when the vehicle is in motion, the apparatus will need to have the park break engaged. 3. Retrieve hydrant kit from the driver rear compartment of apparatus. 4. Place hydrant kit near the hydrant in a practical location for Big gate. 5. Help Big gate with the supply line and wait for the ready signal. 6. Return to your position in the apparatus and relay the ready signal to the driver and officer. 7. At the scene. Safely dismount the unit and un-couple the supply line at the nearest joint. 8. Attach the supply line to the appropriate apparatus at the scene. \*Utilize the pony length when it is advantageous to do so 9. If located at the intake connection, open intake drain valve. 10. Communicate to the driver of the apparatus that the line is ready 11. Report to your officer for reassignment.

Answer 54

1. Fill site 2. Dumb site 3. Water shuttle Use water shuttling when the distance to the water source exceeds 0.8km (reach of supply lines)

Answer 55

**Pump,Tanker,ATP** Back-pack pump (20L H2O)/A/4A/60-180 sec/3-9 m Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/2-4.5m CO2, BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m **Rescue** Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/.2-4.5m CO2,BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m Metal X, D/\*\*/10-25 sec/2-4.5m **Ladder** Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/2-4.5m CO2, BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m Metal X (Quints), D/\*\*/10-25 sec./2-4.5m

Answer 56

We are committed to protecting life, property, and the environment.

Answer 57

To make Edmonton a safer, more livable city by providing the best fire rescue services in North America

Answer 58

1. Service 2. Safety 3. Relationships 4. Teamwork

Answer 59

1. Continuing environmental improvement 2. Pollution prevention 3. Regulatory compliance

Answer 60

 Fire suppression.  First response to emergency medical events.  Motor vehicle collision responses.  Specialized rescue responses.  Hazardous materials responses.  Fire investigations.  Fire prevention programs (education & inspections).

Answer 61

Linda Cochrane/ Rob Smyth

Answer 62

Standard operating Procedures (SOP’s) are the laws of the Department and these directives must be adhered to:  They use words like ‘must’ and ‘will’  They may, if not followed, result in possible legal implications for a member Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are written policies for Fire/Rescue Department operations that include the following and NOT limited to  Dress  Conduct  Station Duties  Training Procedures  Fire Response

Answer 63

Captain:  Counseling.  Extra station duties.  Suspension of privileges.  Verbal Reprimand.  Written Reprimand. District Chief:  Counseling.  Extra station duties.  Suspension of privileges.  Verbal Reprimand.  Written Reprimand.  Suspension with pay. Platoon Chief:  Suspension of privileges.  Verbal Reprimand.  Written Reprimand.  Suspension with pay. Deputy Chief:  Verbal Reprimand.  Written Reprimand.  Suspension with pay.  Suspension with out pay.  Demotion.  Dismissal. Chief:  Written Reprimand.  Suspension with pay.  Suspension with out pay.  Demotion.  Dismissal.

Answer 64

 Unit Identification  Size Up - including a description of the building, occupancy and emergency scene  Summary of fire/emergency conditions  Initial Plan of action  Identify who is assuming Fire Command, and where fire command is located (A,B,C,D)

Answer 65

Low Pressure Facility Tanks  Cone Roof Tank  Floating Roof Tank  Internal Floating Roof Tank  Lifter-Roof Tank  Horizontal or Low Pressure storage tank

Answer 66

Command uses three methods to gain information on the fire ground. 1. Visual Factors: Information Fire Command can see from the command post • Type of building – construction, occupancy, obvious outside hazards. • Location, volume, velocity, density, and color of the smoke coming from the structure • Weather 2. Reconnaissance Factors: Information received from other officers on the scene, or others assigned specifically to get information requested by command • Crews inside the structure will relay fire, smoke, & heat conditions to Command • Information that is gathered by crews from occupants exiting the structure, bystanders, and other non-departmental services involved in the event. 3. Pre-Fire Assessment Factors: Pre-fire planning information that is determined in advance of the incident. • Pre-fire planning information gathered from pre-fire inspections will afford information such as life hazards, numbers and locations of occupants, access to the structure, floor plans, and the nature of interior and exterior exposures.

Answer 67

This information includes: 1. Current attack plan. 2. Deployment of crews. 3. Effectiveness of attack. 4. Need for additional apparatus.

Answer 68

3x Mayday Code 100

Answer 69

 One - Bad (or unreadable)  Two - Poor (or readable now and then)  Three - Fair (or readable but with difficulty)  Four - Good (or readable)  Five - Excellent (or perfectly readable)

Answer 70

To check battery life - push and hold the yellow reset button:  If green light flashes then the batteries are in good condition.  If red light flashes then tag the harness and send it to the Air room technician for repair. (Do not attempt to change batteries).\*\* Note that the batteries are only to be changed by an SCBA technician.

Answer 71

REACT  Rescue – initial evacuation of people in the room containing the fire  Ensure door is closed - after evacuation close the doors to the room to reduce the risk for fire spread and to extend a tenable atmosphere in other rooms for evacuation.  Activate alarm – activate the fire alarm system in the building. If there is no system have a designate notify others in the building.  Call 911 – activate other Emergency resources in the event the fire extinguisher cannot contain the fire, to insure that professional resources are on their way.  Try to Extinguish – return to the fire room and attempt to use the appropriate (class & rating) extinguisher to control the fire. PASS • Pull Pin – break the witness wire and pull the safety pin. • Aim – aim the nozzle of the extinguisher towards the base of the fire. • Squeeze – squeeze the trigger of the extinguisher. • Sweep – direct the extinguisher stream at the base of the fire and sweep the stream back and forth to cover the width of the fire base and into the burning material. Apply the extinguishing agent until the fire is out or the extinguisher is exhausted. Back away from the extinguished or suppressed fire. Pump–

Answer 72

**Pump** 3 meter-Attic ladder 4.3 meter- Roof ladder 7.3 meter- Extension ladders **Tanker** 3 meter-Attic ladder 4.3 meter- Roof ladder 7.3 meter- Extension ladder **Ladder** 3 meter – Attic ladder 4.3 meter- Fresno Extension ladder 5 meter- Roof ladder 7.3 meter- Extension ladders 10.6 meter- Extension ladder **Rescue** Combination folding ladder

Answer 73

**Laid Rope** Laid rope is also called “twisted rope”. Generally laid rope is a 3 strand twisted method of construction. Rope will rotate under load. **Braid Rope** Strands are braided in a flat pattern i.e. 3 braid, 5-braid, etc. Rope does not rotate under load **Double Braid** Also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid. **Plaited Rope** Is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called a square braid. This rope type is mostly used in the shipping industry. **Kernmantle Rope**

Answer 74

1. Location 2. Unit # 3. Name 4. Assignment 5. Resources needed

Answer 75

1. Orange - Out of Service (non-operational) 2. Blue - Hydrant in Use (with permission) 3. White - Fire department Use Only 4. Green - Under Construction (do not use – no water)

Answer 76

Pump 1890 l Ladder 1134 l Tanker 4500 l Supertanker 13500 l ATP 1442 l Mule 250 l

Answer 77

Pump (20 lengths), Tanker (15 lengths), Ladder (9 lengths), Quint (4 lengths)

Answer 78

There are four categories of hazards to fire hose:  Mechanical  Thermal  Organic  Chemical.

Answer 79

The contents of a complete hydrant kit found in blue bag 1. Two Storz wrenches 2. One combination wrench 3. One butterfly key One Rubber mallet 4. Used with older hydrants equipped with butterfly valve 5. One Adjustable Hydrant Wrench 6. And one role of banner guard

Answer 80

Red Bag - STOP Includes 1 pre-connected 3M length of 65 mm hose and gated wye, 1 length 44 mm Hose, rope drop bag, 2 sprinkler wedges, 2 sprinkler dowels, 3 door wedges, Tools – pipe wrench, hose key, Uni-driver, 10 rubber door stops, recessed sprinkler wedge Weight approx – 22 KGs Green Bag - GO Includes 2 lengths of 44 mm hose with attached Akron nozzle, Weight approx. 21 KGs

Answer 81

1. Darkening down 2. White Smke/White steam 3. Decreased visibility 4. Temperature fluctuation

Answer 82

1. Incipent (Fire triangle) 2. Growth 3. Fully developed 4. Decay (Fire triangle)

Answer 83

1. Fuel type 2. Availability and location of additional fuels 3. Compartment volume and ceiling height 4. Ventilation / Oxygen Supply 5. Thermal properties of the compartment 6. Ambient conditions 7. Fuel load AFFACTV

Answer 84

1. Free burning 2. Heavy dark smoke 3. Rollover 4. High Temperatures

Answer 85

**Definition of Ventilation** Ventilation, as applied to firefighting, is the planned and systematic, release and removal of heated air, smoke, and toxic gases from a confined area and the controlled replacement of these products of combustion with a supply of cooler, fresh air.

Answer 86

1. Respiratory Shock 2. Neurogenic Shock 3. Cardiogenic Shock 4. Hemorrhagic Shock 5. Anaphylactic Shock 6. Metabolic Shock 7. Psychogenic Shock 8. Septic Shock

Answer 87

1. Permeation 2. Degredation 3. Penetration

Answer 88

1. Volume 2. Velocity 3. Density **(Most important)** 4. Color (VVDC)

Answer 89

**1. Vertical 2. Horizontal Ventilation** Sequence of openings Creating an opening **3. Forced ventilation** Hydraulic ventilation Negative Pressure ventilation (NPV Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) **4. Built-in ventilation systems.**

Answer 90

1. Mortise Lock 2. Bored (Cylindrical) Lock 3. Rim Lock 4. Padlock

Answer 91

Salvage in the fire service consists of those methods and operating procedures allied to firefighting which aid in reducing forcible entry, fire, water, and smoke damage during and after fires.

Answer 92

 Closets  Perimeters of each room  Under beds  Middle of each room.

Answer 93

 Closets  Perimeters of each room  Under beds  Middle of each room.  Bathtubs and shower stalls  Behind furniture

Answer 94

 Greater visibility  Better reach and better penetration than other types of streams  Reduced nozzle pressures per litre make for easier handling.  Normal thermal layering is less likely to be disturbed during an interior structural attack, thus increasing your personal safety level.

Answer 95

10m for people 15m for rigs

Answer 96

 Insufficient pressure  Too much pressure  Defective tip (nozzle)  Air in the line  Twist/kinks in hose near pipe

Answer 97

1. Steamburns (Thermal layering) 2. Backdraft 3. Flashover

Answer 98

1. Passive: Primarily absorb and dissipate IR energy from active or direct emitters (inanimate objects) • A passive object may be a chair as an example 2. Active: Emit IR energy in low to medium strength and varying intervals (living organisms) • Yourself as an example 3. Direct: Constant high strength IR energy emitters • A hot water tank as an example

Answer 99

Overhaul consists of the search for and extinguishment of hidden or remaining fires; placing the building, its contents and the fire area in a safe condition; possibly determining the origin/cause of the fire and recognizing and preserving any evidence of arson.

Answer 100

1. Locate and extinguish Hidden Fires 2. Prevent Rekindle. 3. Prevent Unnecessary Damage 4. Help To Find the Cause of the Fire. 5. Preserve Evidence. 6. Prevent Recurrence. 7. Make the Structure Safe. 8. Provide for Good Public Relations.

Answer 101

1. sight 2. touch 3. sound 4. electronic sensors

Answer 102

1. Natural 2. Accidental 3. Arson 4. Unknown

Answer 103

Three Tests of a Safe Rescue System 1. White Board Analysis.  Does the system function the way you intend?  How do you know for sure? 2. Critical Points Examination.  Are all points backed up by another system?  Could one point fail and cause a serious accident? 3. Whistle Test.  If every rescuer let go of the system, would the system still protect the rescuer and the patient?

Answer 104

1. Product Identification & Use 2. Hazardous Ingredients 3. Physical Data (state, boiling point, specific gravity, etc.) 4. Fire and Explosion Data 5. Reactivity Data (stability of the material) 6. Toxicological Properties 7. Preventive Measures 8. First Aid Measures 9. Preparation Information (source of information, phone number, date)

Answer 105

 Product Identifier (name of material)  Suppliers Identification  Pictogram  Hazard Statement  Precautionary statement  Signal word

Answer 106

 Cracks in exterior walls  Bulges in exterior walls.  Sounds of structural movement – creaking, groaning, snapping, etc.  Smoke or water leaking through the walls of any floor or where fire fighters walk.  Interior or exterior bearing walls or columns leaning, twisting or flexing.

Answer 107

The Fog stream should cover 85-90% of the opening and should be at least 2 feet away. (0.6m)

Answer 108

either 1. see 2. touch 3. or talk

Answer 109

Rapid deployment craft Valve closed/ counter-clockwise

Answer 110

Mustang Ice commander Kokatat GFER (PFD) (Mustang Sentinel ,PFD)

Answer 111

Claustrophobia Disorientation

Answer 112

 0.1%: Deep-seated fires in furniture, smouldering ground fires, or heavy duff layers where penetration is required (if foam is too concentrated it will not penetrate)  0.1 – 0.5%: Wildland/grass fires  0.5%: Structural firefighting with attached fog nozzles, wildland surface fires using foam nozzles  1.0%: Protecting structural exposures (walls, and roofs), forming barriers during wildland firefighting operations

Answer 113

1. Notification 2. Dispatch 3. Response 4. Scene Stabilization 5. Vehicle Stabilization 6. Patient Extrication 7. Patient Packaging 8. Patient Transport 9. Stabilization in the emergency room 10. Surgical intervention

Answer 114

1. Rescuer safety 2. Scene safety 3. Patient safety

Answer 115

N95 = 95% particulate filter non oil resistant P95 = 95% particulate filter Oil resistant

Answer 116

 Hydrogen  Helium  Hydrogen Cyanide  Hydrogen Fluoride  Methane  Ethylene  Diborane  Illuminating gas  Carbon monoxide  Acetylene  Neon  Nitrogen  Anhydrous ammonia

Answer 117

TO1 – Training, available to respond TO2 – Training, not available to respond TO3 – Equipment maintenance and testing TO4 – Fire inspections TO5 – Community event, available to respond TO6 – Community event, not available to respond

Answer 118

1. Tempered glass 2. Safety glass

Answer 119

1. UNI-BODY  No frame underneath.  Car is a rolling truss.  Top and bottom under compression of tension, depending on the situation.  Cutting the posts can make the car more flexible and could settle (crib car first). 2. Full Frame  Found mostly on station wagons and older full size cars and trucks.  Steel rails support the body, drive line and floor. 3. Space Frame  new style  resembles a bird cage with body panels attached  body panels are often plastic  remove or cut away the body panels to reveal the metal frame underneath for extrication

Answer 120

30% and 10 - 15% comulative

Answer 121

 Head-on collision (substantial frontal impact)  T-bone collision (broadside impact)  Rear-end collision  Roll over  Rotational

Answer 122

Wild land personal protective clothing consists of structural fire fighting boots, light weight leather gloves, Nomex flash hood, Nomex coveralls, safety glasses or goggles, and a light weight helmet.

Answer 123

 If you feel you’re in a compromised position  If you find a downed firefighter or a member of your crew goes down.  If you or your crew are caught in flashover, backdraft, or explosion  You become tangled or pinned and self rescue has not worked in 60 seconds.  If you or a member of your crew has fallen through a floor or roof.  Your primary exit is blocked and you are unable to reach secondary exit in 60 seconds.  Your or a member of your crews, low air alarm activation and you are unable to reach an exit or window in 30 seconds.  You have become lost or separated from your crew and you are unable to find exit.  Disoriented and unable to find exit in 60 seconds  Entrapment with low air alarm activating

Answer 124

1. A Pressure vessel 2. A Valve 3. A Pressurizing gas 4. An Extinguishing agent

Answer 125

blasts on the air horn 1. These will be cycles of solid for 3 seconds-quiet for 3 seconds for five cycles.

Answer 126

1. Bowline 2. Fool through figure 8 D ring

Answer 127

1. Scissor 2. Return 3. Circular 4. Straight

Answer 128

1. Centre Core (1 S&R, 2 FA) 2. Centre Hall (2 S&R, 2 FA)

Answer 129

1 Search and Rescue 2 Fire Attack

Answer 130

1. Emergency Contact Number 2. Number of Pkgs. Shipped 3. Shipping name 4. Hazard or class # 5. 4 digit U.N. #

Answer 131

 Rope Size Minimum Breaking Strength • 6 mm 9.7 kN \* • 8 mm 14.0 kN \* • 9 mm 16.0 kN \* • 11.1 mm 27.0 kN \* • 13 mm 46.0 kN \*

Answer 132

1. The Working end: The end used to form a tie. 2. The Standing part: The part of the rope used for the descent or ascent 3. the Running End: The unused rope left in the bag

Answer 133

Keys, irons and fire extinguisher in elevator car with operator

Answer 134

1. even ground start 2. uneven ground start

Answer 135

4 Step Function  detect a fires presence  alarm or transmit a signal to agencies indicating alarm is activated  control growth of the fire  extinguish the fire completely

Answer 136

1. Hydraulic Alarm  Local alarm is used to alert personnel in a sprinklered building or passerby that water is flowing in the system.  Some water in the system branches off to a water motor that drives a local alarm gong. 2. Electric Alarm  Alarm is used to alert building occupants and the fire department that water is flowing in the system.  Water movement presses against a diaphragm that causes a switch to operate the alarm.

Answer 137

Types of Sprinkler Systems  Wet Systems  Dry-Pipe Systems  Pre-Action  Deluge System  Residential System  Halogenated, Dry Chemical, CO2 Systems

Answer 138

Polyolefin  Advantages • Positive floatation properties • Excellent acid resistance • Constructed of continuous strands  Disadvantages • Low abrasion resistance • Low melting point 60% the strength of nylon • Low resistance to ultra violet light, increases degradation • Poor shock loading capabilities

Answer 139

* Red Bag - Biological contamination (Body Fluids) * Yellow Bag – Hazardous Materials (Acids, Hydrocarbons) * Green Bag – General Soiling

Answer 140

2-6l Nasal Canula 8-10l NRB 15l BVM

Answer 141

 With respect to the O2 sensor: • Low Alarm @ 19.5% : High Alarm @ 23.0% : Sensor range 0 – 30 %  With respect to the CO sensor • Low Alarm @ 25 PPM : High Alarm @ 50 PPM : Sensor range 0 – 500 PPM  With respect to the H2S sensor: • Low Alarm @ 10 PPM : High Alarm @ 15 PPM : Sensor range 0 - 500 PPM  With respect to the LEL sensor: • Low Alarm @ 10% LEL : High Alarm @ 20% LEL: Sensor range 0 – 100 % Or 0 – 9999 PPM

Answer 142

 Anchor points must be clearly identified either: • Geographically • Street address • Landmarks

Answer 143

Studs Truss Headers Bottom plate Joists Sill Rafters .

Answer 144

1. Supplier Responsibilities  Provide Supplier Labels  Apply labels to the containers of controlled products.  Revise the labels as new information becomes available.  Develop and provide MSDS for each controlled product produced  Ensure MSDS data is current (must be updated every 3 years) 2. Employer Responsibilities  Ensure all containers of controlled products are labeled.  Ensures no person removes, alters or defaces a required label.  Replace damaged labels  Develop and supply workplace labels  Develop safe storage & handling procedures for employees.  Ensure MSDS are updated and available to all employees on-site  Provide WHMIS training to all employees 3. Employee Responsibilities  Must follow safe storage & handling procedures for hazardous products.  Inform employer of workplace hazards.  Inform employer of removed, altered or defaced labels.  Understand the information on a supplier and a workplace label.  Be familiar with the location and use of MSDS  Learn to use WHMIS.

Answer 145

Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared with the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. Vapor density describes the density of gases in relation to air Vapor density dictates whether a gas or vapor will sink, float, or rise in air. It represents the relative weight of a gas or vapor compared to an equal volume of dry air; dry air has a vapor density of 1.

Answer 146

The Incident Command Accountability Worksheet (ICAW) is a working document which serves to identify and catalog the actions and resources used at an emergency event. Proper use allows one to maintain a structured, organized flow chart depicting the sequence of events of involved resources from the onset of the emergency until the event is terminated.

Answer 147

ITLS sheet

Answer 148

1. Deadly bleed 2. Respiratory arrest 3. Cardiac arrest 4. unsafe conditions

Answer 149

1. Thermal/Temperature extremes/Burn, frostbite 2. Mechanical/Direct contract/fragments/Blisters, bruises, lacerations 3. Poisonous/Poisons or toxins/Damage to internal organs or body systems 4. Corrosive/Chemical/Burns or tissue damage 5. Asphyxiation/Oxygen deficiency/Affect the respiratory system 6. Radiation/Radiation/Injury to individual or future generations 7. Etiological/Living micro-organism/Diseases (e.g. hepatitis, tuberculosis)

Answer 150

Labels that are that are attached to the inside of each beam of each ladder section. One label is affixed below the second rung from the tip of each section and another immediately below the centre rung of that section. The sensor should turn a darker color at 149° Celsius, plus or minus 5 degrees.

Answer 151

2 Pumps 1 Rescue 1 Ladder

Answer 152

2hrs. before shift call duty office, talk to platoon chief 780 4963790

Answer 153

Class 1 Explosives (6) Class 2 Gases (3) Class 3 Flammable liquids (1) Class 4 Flammable solids (3) Class 5 Oxidizers & organic peroxides (2) Class 6 Toxic & infectious substances (2) Class 7 Radioactive material (1) Class 8 Corrosive (1) Class 9 Miscellaneous hazardous material (1)

Answer 154

1. Atmospheric Pressure Cargo Tank Truck (MC-306/DOT-406) 2. Low Pressure Cargo Tank Truck (MC-307) 3. High Pressure Gas Cargo Tank Truck (MC-330/331) 4. Corrosive Tank Truck (MC-312/ Dot 412) 5. Cryogenic Liquid Tank Truck ( MC-338 ) 6. Cryogenic Gas/Tube Road Trailer 7. Bulk Container 8. Mixed cargo 9. Vacuum loaded truck (DOT 407, TC 407, 412)

Answer 155

Personal Protective Clothing Levels: **Level A** Highest available degree of respiratory/ skin / eye protection Fully Encapsulated vapor proof suit  Gloves and boots attached Outer gloves and boots SCBA **Level B** Highest level of respiratory protection with a lesser degree of skin protection Splash suit Boots Inner/outer gloves SCBA Mask, gloves, boots and zippers taped **Level C** Same skin protection as B lesser degree of respiratory protection Splash suit Boots Inner/outer gloves Air-purifying respirators (APR) Gloves, boots and zippers taped up **Level D** PPE in the form of hard hats/ steel toed safety boots/ safety glasses, Firefighter Turnout Gear Splash suit Safety boots Gloves Eye protection

Answer 156

The goal of salvage operations is to reduce property loss or damage from the following:  Forcible entry  Water  Fire  Smoke

Answer 157

1 Officer, 2 FF

Answer 158

**Vehicles have three Compartments.**  Passenger Compartment  Cargo / Storage Compartment  Engine Compartment **Sides of a vehicle**  Driver’s Side  Passenger’s Side  Front  Rear  Roof  Under Carriage  Inside  Outside

Answer 159

1. Lobby Control 2. Recon Sector 3. Fire Attack 4. Search and Rescue Sector 5. Ventilation Sector 6. RIC – Rapid Intervention Cre 7. Evacuation Sector 8. Interior Staging Sector 9. REHAB Sector 10. Salvage & Overhaul Sectors

Answer 160

Fire Commands strategy is based on the building design and information provided – OFFENSIVE or DEFENSIVE and Fire Attacks strategy is also based on the building design and conditions – DIRECT or INDIRECT attack.

Answer 161

HR 100-160 BPM Resp. 30-60 BPM BP 65-90 mmHg

Answer 162

3rd trimester pregnancy Hemophealia Allergic Bleeding Ulcers

Answer 163

NFPA 704 Site Identification The diamond is divided into four sections or quadrants: ## Footnote Health / Left / Blue Flammability / Top / Red Reactivity / Right / Yellow Special Info / Bottom / White

Answer 164

**Placards** Placards are larger labels, used for containers over **450 liters**. Often placards are displayed the same way as labels are. But when shipments are very large, concentrated, or dangerous, the rules change.  Signs -Found at fixed sites - NFPA 704 in 4 colors  Labels -10 X 10 cm & are required on containers up to 450 L  Placards -Diamond shaped 25 X 25 cm used in transportation of more than 450L A container must display placards on every side and end:  For shipments of more than 500 kg  For quantity or concentration of hazardous materials requiring an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) to be filed with Transport Canada  For liquids or gases in direct contact with the container For shipments of more the 4000 kg, the UN number must be shown with the placard on all sides and each end of the containers. It may appear on the placard, or on a rectangular orange panel next to, or below, the placard.

Answer 165

``` Red = Flammable Orange = Explosive White = Toxic or infectious Green = Compressed, but non-flammable, non-toxic Blue = Reactive Black = Corrosive Yellow = Oxidizer ```

Answer 166

Pressurized flammable gases have the following characteristics:  Pressure  Diffusivity (tendency to spread freely)  Low boiling points  Colorless and/or odorless  Creates static electricity when flowing

Answer 167

Factors that Influence the severity of Injury or Death  Strength of the Current  Amount of time exposed to the shock  Path the current takes to the ground

Answer 168

CHEMICAL + CONCENTRATION + TIME = DOSE

Answer 169

 Signal word ‘Warning, Caution, or Danger’  Hazardous contents of the pipeline  Owners name  An Emergency phone number

Answer 170

**Pesticide Warning Labels Every pesticide must display six pieces of information on its label, they include:** 1. Pesticide Name 2. Signal Word - (Danger –indicate highly toxic, Warning) 3. Pesticide Control Product (PCP) Number 4. Precautionary statement - phrases that cover prevention, response, storage, and disposal of products 5. Active ingredients 6. Hazard statement – keep away from children, harmful if swallowed, etc.

Answer 171

Three specific conditions; **boilover, slopover, and frothing** deserve special mention in regard to fires in open-topped oil tanks.

Answer 172

4 Methods FOAM is Proportioned 1. Induction = In-Line Eductor (Old Pumps) 2. Injection = External Pump to force Foam into the fire stream.( New Salisbury Pumps) 3. Batch-Mixing = Pour the Foam directly into the Pump’s Tank 4. Premixing = Used in Fire Extinguishers

Answer 173

* Proportioning * Foam generation * Distribution.

Answer 174

 Inhalation – material is inhaled through your nose or mouth.  Ingestion – material enters through your mouth by a method other than breathing.  Injection – material enters through a puncture.  Absorption – material enters through the pores of your skin or eyes.

Answer 175

Common dry chemical extinguishing agents:  Multipurpose triplex chemical mono-ammonium phosphate (ABC).  sodium bicarbonate  potassium bicarbonate  Potassium chloride.

Answer 176

1. Fuel load 2. Structural load 3. Dead load 4. Live load Impact, Static, and Repeated Loads 1. Impact loads are sudden, one-time, short-term bursts of pressure that can produce very high stresses, especially when applied laterally. 2. Static loads are gradual or constant pressures applied over the long term. 3. Repeated loads are pressures applied intermittently over a period of time. 1. Compression loads squeeze and shorten a member. 2. Tensile loads pull apart or lengthen a member. 3. Shear loads cause the planes of the member to slide past one another. 4. Concentrated loads are focused in one small area, rather than spread across the length of the structural member. 1. Axial load is a direct, even pressure applied to the center of the structural member’s cross section at a right angle to that center of the plane. It can be either tensile or compressive. 2. Eccentric load tends to bend the structural member. It is a direct, even pressure applied to one side of the member, at a right angle to the cross section but not centered on it. 3. Torsional load is a twisting pressure applied, at an angle, to any place other than the center of the structural member. The twisting action creates a shear load in the member. Torsion often causes extensive collapse. 4. Suspended loads use rods and or cables to connect the suspended load to a main beam. The connectors can carry heat into the wood beam and ultimately cause a heavy suspended load to fall. Loads may also be suspended from bar joist trusses that can be greatly weakened by heat and flames.

Answer 177

Wall Materials 1. Concrete walls may require a pneumatic (jack) hammer; where as a metal wall may require only a reciprocating saw. In some cases, a masonry wall can be breached with a battering ram. 2. Brick and stone walls are, for the most part, veneer walls and are easily breached with properly selected tools. Most entries can be accomplished with normal firefighting tools and/or power saws. 3. Interior walls are usually made of a wood frame with a gypsum board (drywall) cladding. Standard fire fighting tools such as an axe will accomplish the breaching. 4. Walls made of fire-resistive materials are used to divide structures into compartments. They may therefore block or retard the spread of fire with in the structure. Breaching this type of wall may promote the spread of the fire with in the structure.

Answer 178

3 times, District Chief

Answer 179

1. SCBA (pressurized cylinders), 2. O2, 3. Fire Extinguishers. 4. Fuel containers

Answer 180

1. DO NOT STEP ON THE ROPE. 2. Protect the rope at abrasion points. 3. Do not overload a rope. 4. NEVER TOW A VEHICLE with a life safety rope. 5. Do not over bend a rope – strive to maintain a bend radius of 4 times the rope diameter. 6. Do not leave knots tied in a stored rope. 7. Store ropes using appropriate methods. 8. Protect a rope from falling objects. 9. Protect the rope from sources of high heat

Answer 181

1. Sexual 2. Verbal 3. physical 4. Emotional 5. Visual

Answer 182

Order of dress #1 :Sation wear Order of dress #2 : Dress uniform Order of dress #3 : Walking out uniform

Answer 183

1. upper management’s offices, 2. Training School, 3. Fire Investigations, 4. Fire prevention, 5. ERCC.

Answer 184

The clamp must be inserted onto the line not more than one meter from the upstream side on a coupling junction.

Answer 185

Water distribution system’s pipe sizes – • \>400mm Primary lines • 300-400mm Feeders • 200-300mm Distribution • Can go up to 1500mm

Answer 186

The Edmonton Fire/Rescue Service utilizes hoses in the following Diameter:  20 mm –Booster reels (tankers/ATPs)  38 mm – Wildland (Seasonal)  44mm – Hi-Combat Attack hose  65mm – Hi-Combat Attack hose  125mm – HI Vol – supply  150 mm Hard suction – Lightweight – Draft only (Located on all Salisbury and Smeal Pumps and Tankers).  150 mm Hard suction – Heavy Black – Hydrant and Draft (Found on some older reserve E-One pumps)

Answer 187

1. Dead end Hydrant 2. Circulating Hydrant, Loop line 1. Dry Barrel Hydrant 2. Wet Barrel Hydrant Compression and AVK hydrant valves need 20+ turns Gated valve hydrants - about 12 turns

Answer 188

 First pump hooks up to hydrant or drafts from water source  Relays water to next pump(s) until water is supplied to the fire attack pump  Hydrant - smallest pump  Drafting - strongest pump

Answer 189

1. The closer hydrant has significantly lower flow than one more distant. 2. The closer hydrant may be damaged or out of service 3. The hydrant is too close to the building and exposes fire fighters and equipment to the effects of the fire. 4. The hydrant is on the other side of the street.

Answer 190

1. clove hitch 2. Half hitch 3. Bowline 4. Figure 8

Answer 191

Hose testing standard Hose Size Service Test Pressure Duration 1. 44 mm 1750 kPa 3 Minutes 2. 65mm 1750 kPa 3 Minutes 3. 125 mm 1400 kPa 3 Minutes

Answer 192

1. Thermal Energy 2. Irritants 3. Smoke 4. Carbon Monoxide 5. Hydrogen Cyanide 6. Flame

Answer 193

3x Mayday LUNAR Location Unit# Name Assignment Resources needed

Answer 194

District 1 1 District 2 9 District 3 24 District 4 4 District 5 25

Answer 195

Warning signs of excessive pressure in a closed vessel and a potential BLEVE:  Pressure relief device is working  Pitch or sound gets louder  Pinging, popping, or snapping sounds are heard  Visible steam from tank upon cooling – 100 C  Discoloration of shell at impingement  A buldge or bubble indicates serious localized heating of vapor area

Answer 196

Operational Hazards  Overhead electrical lines  Uneven surface  Ice  Traffic areas  Structurally unsound walls  Fire  Fire Ground Changes

Answer 197

**1. Limitations of Air Supply**  Capacity of the air cylinder (i.e. Escape bottle, 45 minute bottle, 60 minute bottle, Supplied air).  Pressure available in cylinder. **2. Limitations of Equipment**  Face piece creates some limited visibility for the user.  Face piece does decrease the ability to communicate.  Increased weight and decreased mobility cause an increased work load to the user. **3. Limitations of the Wearer**  The wearer must be in sound physical condition (muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory) in order to maximize the operation time of SCBA equipment.  Poor physical conditioning increases air consumption with minimal work load, this limits the fire fighter’s ability to perform and task safely and increases the chance of injury.  Good agility will aid in overcoming obstacles in the environment and the restrictions imposed by the fire fighter’s PPE.  Facial features affect the wearer’s ability to get a good face piece-to-face seal.  Emotional stability, the ability to maintain control in a high stress environment.  Adequate training in equipment use.  Experience of user with the equipment and the type of situation.  With training & experience the fire fighter gains self confidence and improves outcomes in ‘out of the normal’ situations.

Answer 198

**Limitations of Emergency Decontamination**  Quick fix only  May not remove all contaminants  More thorough decontamination will have to follow  Damages the environment **Benefits of Emergency Decontamination**  Quick response time  Minimizes injury

Answer 199

List the three zones at a HAZMAT incident. 1. Hot zone 2. Warm zone 3. Cold zone **Hot Zone** A restricted area that represents danger to life or health. The Hot Zone is the first zone established by the first responder. It is based on the information they receive on route and first on scene. The Hot Zone can be a yard, city block or a whole floor of a building. The Hot Zone can always increase or decrease, but must be clearly established and maintained until 2nd Responders arrive. The Hot Zone is established using the red banner guard located on the pump No one shall enter the Hot Zone until Decon is set up; this includes the public, media and all Fire Personal **Warm Zone** Limited access contamination reduction zone. If decontamination is required after entering the Hot Zone it takes place in the Warm Zone **Cold Zone** Support or green zone. This is the area around the other zones where the work for supporting this incident takes place. The use off the yellow banner guard is recommended for this. The public and media are still kept out of this area.

Answer 200

1. Aerial/ crown fire 2. surface fire 3. ground fire

Answer 201

Rank 1 to Rank 6

Answer 202

1. Ground fuels 2. Surface fuels 3. Crown fuels

Answer 203

 Radios  Pagers  Printers  Fax machines  Voice amplifiers  MPS Computers

Answer 204

A symptom is any subjective evidence of disease, while a sign is any objective evidence of disease.

Answer 205

1. Implied consent 2. Verbal (informed) consent 3. Written consent 4. Consent of a minor

Answer 206

1. gross negligence etc. ?

Answer 207

Water Reactive Oxidizer Corrosive Radioactive

Answer 208

The guide is broken down into 5 Sections for ease of use.  White pages (General Information)  Yellow pages ( ID # index )  Blue pages (alphabetical material index )  Orange pages (action guides)  Green pages ((initial isolation and protective action distances)

Answer 209

 Air bill/manifest - HazMat shipments by air and found in the cockpit - Responsibility for the documents lies with the pilot  Rail Documents - HAZMAT shipments by Rail and found with conductor  Road Document – Bill of Lading with responsibility falling on the driver  Dangerous Cargo Manifest – Used in Marine transportation and found with the captain

Answer 210

Conflagration Hazards From a fire protection standpoint, the term conflagration applies to sweeping fires that spread beyond control over a large area, crossing natural or prepared barriers and destroying many buildings. A conflagration hazard, therefore, involves a number of buildings located such that a single structure fire could become a conflagration.

Answer 211

 Whenever there has been property damage and\or  Injury and\or  Death due to fire. (“fire” being defined as open and sustained flaming combustion)

Answer 212

 DIRECT ATTACK AND ASSOCIATED TACTICS • FLANK ATTACK • FRONTAL ATTACK • MOBILE ATTACK  INDIRECT ATTACK

Answer 213

30/30 crossover Temperature is equal or higher than the RH

Answer 214

19.2 " 16"

Answer 215

“Black Fire”- smoke that is high-volume, turbulent velocity, ultra-dense, and black. Black fire is a sure sign of impending auto ignition and flashover. Temperatures of more than 1,000°F! Treat black fire just as actual flames

Answer 216

1. A-Frame 2. Vee-shaped 3. Lean to 4. Cantilever 5. Pancake

Answer 217

Calculate the butt placement as ¼ of the “working” height of the ladder. I.e. A ladder needs to be deployed to flat roof 16 feet above the ground. The butt of the ladder needs to be ¼ the working height (16/4) or 4 feet away from the base of the wall to maintain a 75% climbing angle.

Answer 218

1. Plan of attack 2. Deployment of resources 3. Chronology of the incident 4. Progress 5. Accountability of the personnel on scene. 6. Available resources

Answer 219

Currently the EFRS uses 5 types of ladders.  Single / Wall o Roof  Folding/collapsible/attic  Combination  Extension o Fresno Extension  Mechanical

Answer 220

 Stage 100 M from the location of the leak – upwind/uphill if possible

Answer 221

 Primary eye protection - safety glasses, safety goggles, or a SCBA face piece.  Secondary eye protection – helmet face shields provide secondary protection.

Answer 222

1. Hydraulic 2. Electric

Answer 223

1. Shoulder carry 2. Hip- or Underarm carry 3. Flat shoulder carry

Answer 224

1. Retreat 2. Regroup 3. Re-assess

Answer 225

1.5 times the building height

Answer 226

Head Rear Flank The Black Island Spot fire

Answer 227

Dr. Seth Sevcik

Answer 228

 Saponification is a reaction that emulsifies the oil to form a type of soap that floats on the surface of the oil and prevents re-ignition of the oil vapors.

Answer 229

Your escape time from a room involved in a flashover is about 0.5 to 2 seconds. This is equates to about a distance of **1.5 meters (5 feet)** as the average firefighter can crawl about 0.75 meters per second (2.5 feet). **Beyond this point of “no return”** the firefighter cannot escape safely from a flashover and the chances of survival diminish.

Answer 230

Periodically and after each use

Answer 231

Fuels and oils Chain (Dull) Chain tension

Answer 232

Five advantages of forced ventilation are listed below: a. It is controllable. b. It can supplement natural ventilation. c. It is faster than natural ventilation. d. It reduces smoke damage. e. It aids in property conservation. 6. Three disadvantages of forced ventilation are listed below: a. It can "feed" the fire with fresh oxygen. b. It requires a power source. c. It requires special equipment.

Answer 233

**Thermal layering** In a high rise heated smoke and gases will rise until their temperature and pressure equal ambient air. When this equalization occurs, the smoke will cease to rise. Smoke and products of combustion if remain cool will bank downwards from the state of equilibrium and contaminate lower levels. **Natural Stack Effect** Cooler outside air Hotter outside air **Reverse Stack Effect** Hotter inside air Cooler inside air **Mushrooming** Mushrooming is similar to stratification but the cause of lateral and downward migration is a physical barrier and not temperature / pressure equalization.

Answer 234

 Choosing the appropriate tool(s)  Applying the proper techniques to structural components.  Safety for all concerned

Answer 235

4 Respiratory hazards that a firefighter will face are: 1. O2 Deficiency 2. Smoke 3. Toxins 4. High temperatures

Answer 236

 For every meter of elevation above the pumper 10 kPa is added to the pump pressure  For every floor above the pump level 35 kPa is added to the pump pressure

Answer 237

**1. Displacement:** o Realigning, adjustment, or repositioning of existing major parts  Examples would include the seats, dash, steering wheel, roof, doors, etc.) **2. Distortion** o The bending of the sheet metal or any components of the vehicle **3. Severance** o The physical act of removing parts of the vehicle  Examples would include the cutting and removal of the brake pedal, steering wheel, seats, doors, roof, hood, etc. ** Disassembly** o As defined, it is the physical act of taking apart vehicle components.

Answer 238

1. FFMC 2. DMC 3. DC 4. Initial spread index 5. Build up index 6. Fire weather index

Answer 239

**1. Pendant Orientation** • The pendant sprinkler is the **most common position**. The sprinkler protrudes from below the piping and sprays water in a hemispherical pattern. **2. Upright Sprinkler Orientation** • The upright sprinkler is located on top of the piping and sprays water into a deflector that sends it back down. Of course, if an upright sprinkler is located in any other position, the water spray would not be directed downward to the fire **3. Sidewall Sprinkler Orientation** • The sidewall sprinkler is used in small rooms where a branch line can be run along a wall. Its deflector creates a fan-shaped spray of water. • Often found in residential installations.

Answer 240

1. solid beam 2. truss beam.

Answer 241

BSI Time/Weather Hazards Backup of patients Mechanism of injury Bystander information

Answer 242

Coefficient Table for Common Hose Sizes based on 30m of ” 44 mm 7 65 mm 1 125 mm 0.4 FL 44mm 100kpa 65mm 50

Answer 243

1. Directions and routing to an event 2. General zone mapping of the city and complex card information identifying relevant information on dispatched addresses • Includes accesses, standpipe/sprinkler connection locations, annunciator and satellite panels, security personnel locations within the building, stairwells and roof access locations, etc. 3. Update and event information 4. Unit status and locations 5. Other event information recovery 6. Updating his unit’s status through use of the touch screen & functional keys • Examples include: On route, on scene, clear, on air, moving, in station, etc 7. Access to the ‘holmatro’ rescuer’s guide for automobile specifics information • This includes: Air bag location(s), battery locations, VIN decoder, emergency response guides for hybrid vehicles, etc

Answer 244

1. ; When streams can reach the seat of the fire 2. When the thermal balance is stable and the products of combustion are at the uppermost levels of the structure 3. Where the fire’s fuel is not enclosed 4. When most of the fuel is in the smouldering stage 5. When you cannot achieve immediate ventilation

Answer 245

1…..H Hazard Identification 2…..A Action Plan 3…..Z Zoning 4…..M Manage the Scene 5…..A Assistance 6…..T Termination

Answer 246

1. flammable vapors are present 2. the building cannot be closed tightly 3. toxic gas will take a long time to clear. 4. explosion is imminent

Answer 247

Types of Fire Alarms • Conventional Supervised Systems • Multiplex or Fully Addressable Systems • Proprietary or Central Station Systems

Answer 248

Overhaul consists of the search for and extinguishment of hidden or remaining fires; placing the building, its contents and the fire area in a safe condition; possibly determining the origin/cause of the fire and recognizing and preserving any evidence of arson.

Answer 249

 Electrical wiring, plumbing, and gas lines are concealed in walls  Structural integrity -- load-bearing walls in a structure already weakened by fire must be approached cautiously

Answer 250

Salvage in the fire service consists of those methods and operating procedures allied to firefighting which aid in reducing **_forcible entry, fire, water, and smoke_** damage during and after fires.

Answer 251

Secure the door in palce?

Answer 252

When responders operate in the non-intervention mode they must: 1. Pull out to a safe distance. 2. Inform dispatch of incident conditions. 3. Set up and maintain scene control. 4. Start the incident management system. 5. Evacuate, if necessary. 6. Call for additional resources.

Answer 253

* *1. Offensive Mode**: Aggressive containment, confinement, fire control, and/or rescue operations. Activities are planned to attack and mitigate the problem. * *2. Defensive Mode**: Less aggressive techniques of diking, damming, and diverting are used to reduce the impact of the incident. The incident commander gives up ground to the incident for greater safety of responders and the public. * *3. Non-intervention**: In industry, non-intervention is not usually thought of as an option. However, with hazardous materials response, taking no action other than limiting access may be the appropriate action to take. All incidents will end eventually. The wise commander will try to balance the risk to people and the environment against the effect of doing nothing.

Answer 254

**Level 1 Incident** - can be handled by first response personal. This is a **single pump**. The incident will be a petrochemical or antifreeze spill of not more than 25 liters. **Level 2 Incident** - special technical assistance. This is **a pump and Hazmat 1**. An example would be an incident with a petrochemical or antifreeze spill of 25-75 liters. This could also be a mercury spill **Level 3 Incident** – potential for major disasters. **This is 2 pumps, a rescue, an aerial and Hazmat 1** (Uncontrollable spills or releases that may require evacuation or special decontamination)

Answer 255

Principle parts of an Air Strut  The piston  The barrel  Collar  Base plate  Tip  Valve

Answer 256

To the magic place:-)

Answer 257

 Black colored Donning Switch.  Face piece / regulator connection lock.  Red purge valve.  At the back of the regulator is a face piece/regulator seal gasket.  Within the regulator is the Vibralert low air alarm.

Answer 258

Location and Occupancy Container shapes Placards, Labels, and Markings Your Senses

Answer 259

1. Symbol 2. Color 3. Class #

Answer 260

1. Chest mount pressure gauge. 2. Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) control buttons / light indicator 3. The personal Alert system sensor, 4. audible alarm, and power pack are housed at the bottom of the breathing apparatus frame.

Answer 261

minimum of 40-B rating

Answer 262

The minimum water supply has to be able to deliver the required volume of water to the highest sprinkler head in a building at a residual pressure of **100 kPa** (15 psi).

Answer 263

27/30 Dead fish

Answer 264

 On Line, In the City web site on line group  The Department Health Safety consultant  The Department ENVISO Consultant

Answer 265

Non-intervention is used when: 1. Explosions are about to happen. 2. Serious container damage threatens a massive release. 3. Responders have neither the training nor resources to deal with the situation. 4. The facility asks for it, on the basis of pre-incident assessment of the hazards.

Answer 266

Sheltering-in-place is not effective in situations where  flammable vapors are present  the building cannot be closed tightly  toxic gas will take a long time to clear.

Answer 267

**Acute: the type of chemical that the body can flush out** (does not build up in the body)  Duration of effects **• Seconds to days**  Effects **• Immediate** **• Mild to intermediate severity • Recoverable**  Example • Hydrogen chloride gas: burning to eyes and throat may cause vomiting, but if area left in time you will recover. **Chronic: the slow buildup of a toxic substance in the body from repeated exposures.**  Duration of effects **• Months to life time**  Effects **• Delayed • Severe • Permanent**  Example • Not wearing SCBA at a fires and during overhaul

Answer 268

Chemical (min. to hrs) Biological (hrs. to days) Radiological (days to weeks)

Answer 269

 Whenever there has been **property damage** and\or  **Injury** and\or  **Death** due to fire. (“fire” being defined as open and sustained flaming combustion)

Answer 270

1. overhand 2. double overhand 3. yosemite

Answer 271

 Wind most (chageable)  Temperature  Relative Humidity  Precipitation

Answer 272

Strategy considerations  Ranking Fires  Size-up  Methods of Attack  Mop-up the Fire

Answer 273

Water bag pack 20l Pulaski Fire Rake ATP etc.

Answer 274

As the elevation increases, the reach increases until the maximum is reached at **30o to 34o degrees**. Beyond 34o, the horizontal effective reach decreases while the length of the curve’s path remains more or less the same. The maximum useable vertical reach of a fire stream is attained when the nozzle is at a **75°** angle.

Answer 275

Pentane LEL 1.5% UEL 7.8% Auto Ignition 260 C Heavier Than Air Flashpoint -49 C

Answer 276

magnesium, sodium, lithium, potassium, titanium, zirconium

Answer 277

1. Safety- or Pressure-Relief Valvesv are usually a part of the cylinder held closed by a spring. 2. Rupture Discs (Bursting Discs) 3. Fusible Plugs (Fuse Plugs or Melt Plugs)

Answer 278

60. 5 37. 8 60. 5

Answer 279

1. disintegration, 2. runaway cracking, 3. attachments open up, 4. puncture, 5. split.

Answer 280

1. detonation, 2. violent rupture, 3. rapid relief, 4. spill/leak.

Answer 281

1. Cloud The material rises above the ground or water in a ball-shaped, round pattern. 2. Plume The airborne hazardous materials adopt a haphazard pattern. Wind and topography shape the downrange course from the point of release. 3. Cone The hazardous materials take on a triangular shape. The apex starts at the breach with the wide base of the triangle downrange. 4. Stream The stream of hazardous materials is a liquid engulfment that follows the surface of the ground or water. Gravity and topographical features direct the stream 5. Pool The hazardous materials collect on the surface of the ground or water in a flat, round pattern. 6. Hemispheric The material assumes a semicircular shape that remains in contact with the ground or water. 7. Irregular The irregular pattern of engulfment has no definite shape or pattern. It basically includes those patterns of dispersal that do not fall into the other categories.

Answer 282

State of iadequate tissue perfusion

Answer 283

Onset of the event Provocation or palliation Quality of the pain Region and radiation Severity Time (history)

Answer 284

1. Ventricular Fibrilation 2. Ventricular Tachicardic

Answer 285

35x35 Feet

Answer 286

Black – deceased Red – immediate Yellow – delayed Green – minor

Answer 287

Water distribution supply lines are 2 -2.5m below ground level

Answer 288

 Inspect the premises.  Develop of a sound operational plan.  Provide essential equipment.  Eliminate any hazards.

Answer 289

 Choosing the appropriate tool(s)  Applying the proper techniques to structural components.  Safety for all concerned

Answer 290

The specific heat of

Answer 291

 Walk-up apartments drop bag 20 m 10 mm Nylon Double Braided  Guideline (lifeline) coils 30 m 6 mm Nylon/fiberglass Kernmantel  Heavy utility rope 45 m 16mm Nylon Double Braided

Answer 292

**Fixed Temperature Detection**  The basic fire detection used in wet or dry systems, and a fusible link is the detection device. **Rate of Rise Detection**  Heat actuated devices operating on air pressure increase.  Common for special hazard systems.  It is fast, dependable, and positive in operation. **Smoke Detection**  Recommended for some hazards where smoldering fires, which burn with little or no flame and no discernable heat, may cause considerable damage.  Used where fires give off smoke before they burst into flame.  Detection is through use of a photo-electric cell. **Flame or Flash Detection**  Utilized in extremely hazardous occupancies where extinguishment must start immediately.  It is commonly used in plants making explosives or munitions  Is currently used for protecting the hazardous rolling operation in the manufacture of jet-propulsion powder.  Flash detectors operate a fire-fog system that extinguishes fire in under a second  Detection is through the use of a photo-electric cell. **Vapor Detection**  Indicates the concentration of combustible gases in the air surrounding hazards where highly flammable liquids or gases are stored, handled, or used.  The detection device constantly samples the air in these locations sending a reading to a remotely situated control panel.  When the concentration near 50% of the L.E.L. (Lower Explosive Limit) an alarm sounds warning personnel and allowing a window of opportunity to correct the problem.  When the concentration reaches 75% L.E.L. the fire protection system operates.

Answer 293

 Wet Systems  Dry-Pipe Systems  Pre-Action  Deluge System  Residential System  Halogenated, Dry Chemical, CO2 Systems

Answer 294

 Fusible Link  Frangible Bulb  Chemical Pellet  Fusible link (Quick Response)

Answer 295

Public service, Public trust Safety Teamwork

Answer 296

1. Completely extinguish the fire in the deep fryer. 2. Prevent re-ignition of the vegetable oil for 20 minutes or reduce the oil temperature at least 15.60C below its auto-ignition temperature. 3. Cause no splashing of flaming oil outside of the fryer.

Answer 297

explosive range ignitable mixture.