Final test Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is Deterrence?
Strategy to discourage crime through fear of punishment.
Harsh penalties for drunk driving aim to deter others from doing the same.
What does Incapacitation refer to?
Preventing future crimes by removing offenders from society.
Life imprisonment for a serial offender to stop them from committing more crimes.
Define Restitution.
Offender compensates the victim for harm caused.
A thief is ordered to repay the value of stolen items.
What is the concept of Retribution?
Punishment given as a form of revenge or justice.
A murderer receiving the death penalty as “just deserts.”
What does Rehabilitation aim to achieve?
Helping offenders change behavior to re-enter society.
Drug treatment programs for addicted offenders in prison.
Define Restorative Justice.
Focus on healing victims, offenders, and communities.
Victim-offender mediation sessions after a burglary.
What is Victimization?
Process of being harmed or made to suffer through crime.
A person assaulted during a robbery.
What is Structural Victimization?
Harm caused by unjust social systems or institutions.
Racial minorities facing higher police surveillance and arrest rates.
Define Functional Victimization.
When policies or practices cause unintended harm to people.
Welfare policies that leave victims of domestic violence without financial aid.
What does Victims in the Abstract Sense mean?
Societal focus on victim types rather than real individuals.
Media portraying ‘ideal victims’ like children or elderly women while ignoring others.
What are Mitigating Factors?
Circumstances that reduce the severity of a sentence.
A defendant with no prior record receives a lighter sentence.
Define the relationship between Crime and Voting.
Relationship between criminal records and disenfranchisement.
Felons in Florida being unable to vote until laws were changed.
What are the Issues Pertaining to Life Without Parole?
Ethical and practical concerns with sentencing someone to die in prison.
A teenager given life without parole for a non-homicide crime raises questions about fairness.
What is the difference between Meat Eaters and Grass Eaters in police misconduct?
Meat Eaters actively seek personal gain through corruption; Grass Eaters passively accept bribes or favors.
A cop who extorts drug dealers for money vs. a cop taking free meals in exchange for overlooking minor violations.
Define Life Without the Possibility of Parole.
Sentence where the inmate is never eligible for release.
A mass shooter receiving life without parole for multiple deaths.
What is Judicial Review?
Courts’ power to evaluate the legality of laws or decisions.
A court striking down a mandatory minimum sentence as unconstitutional.
What are Sentencing Guidelines?
Structured framework for judges to determine punishments.
Federal guidelines recommend 10–12 years for a certain level of drug offense.
Define Prison Overcrowding.
When prison populations exceed capacity, straining resources.
A facility built for 500 inmates housing 1,000.
What does Incarcerating Youth in Adult Prisons refer to?
Placing juveniles in adult facilities, often causing harm.
A 16-year-old tried as an adult and placed in general population.
What was the BP Disaster in Texas?
Refers to the BP refinery explosion in Texas City (2005) causing multiple deaths and raising corporate accountability issues.
BP was fined for safety violations that led to employee deaths.
What is the Financial Cost of Overcrowding?
Increased taxpayer burden due to excess incarceration.
Millions spent on healthcare and security for inmates in overpopulated prisons.
Define Patterns of Recidivism.
Tendency of released prisoners to reoffend.
A former inmate returns to prison within 3 years for a new offense.
What are Pre-Trial Reforms in Illinois?
Changes to reduce pre-trial detention for non-violent offenders.
Illinois ending cash bail in 2023 to ensure fairness regardless of income.
What does Perceptions of Victim’s Worthiness refer to?
Public or legal bias in valuing certain victims more than others.
Media giving more coverage to missing white women than missing Black women.
