Final Test

Question 0

What is a fungus?

Answer 0

Is is a nucleated, spore bearing; cell walls of chitin or cellulose, reproduce sexually or asexually, includes both molds and yeasts.

Question 1

What are mycoses?

Answer 1

Infections caused by fungi, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, opportunistic.

Question 2

What is a mould?

Answer 2

fungus composed of filaments that generally form a colony that may be either filamentous, powdery, woolly, or smooth.

Question 3

What is a yeast?

Answer 3

a unicellular budding fungus that usually produces a soft, pasty, smooth colony; usually no filamentous growth can be observed macroscopically.

Question 4

What is the growth rate for Yeasts?

Answer 4

24-72 hours

Question 5

What is the growth rate for moulds?

Answer 5

3-5 days, 10 days-2 weeks, or some up to 4 weeks.

Question 6

What is the most commonly isolated yeast?

Answer 6

Candida albicans

Question 7

Cryptococcus neoformans

Answer 7

Associated with fowl excreta, meningitis especially in AIDS patients.

Question 8

What is hyphae?

Answer 8

Hyphae are tubular structures of fungus. Many together are mycelium.

Question 9

What is a conidia?

Answer 9

A conidia is an asexual structure born on the side or end of hyphae or conidiophores. They may be single celled or contain multiple cells.

Question 10

What is an arthroconidia?

Answer 10

asexual spores formed with hyphae break up at the points of septation.

Question 11

What is a vesicle?

Answer 11

It is an enlarged structure at the end of a conidiophore.

Question 12

What is a sporangium?

Answer 12

a closed saclike structure in which asexual spores are formed.

Question 13

What are rhizoids?

Answer 13

Root like structures

Question 14

Rhizopus

Answer 14

Found in decaying vegetation, can cause life-threatening illness in immunocompromised, spores enter in through nasal passageway.

Question 15

Aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 15

Found in the environment, most common fungal contaminant in the lab, causes respiratory disease.

Question 16

What are DERMatophytes?

Answer 16

moulds that infect the superficial layers of skin and can be transmitted from human host to human host.

Question 17

What is tinea unguium?

Answer 17

Infection of the nails

Question 18

What is a dimorphic mould?

Answer 18

It is a fungus that has the propensity to present itself in two different forms: as a mold at room temperature to slightly elevated temperatures, and as a yeast above 37 deg C.

Question 19

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Answer 19

Endemic in Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio river valley. Primarily infects the skin, bone, and the lungs.

Question 20

Coccidioidis immitis

Answer 20

Found in dry, arid areas. Respiratory infection that resolves rapidly.

Question 21

Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 21

Cave disease, associated with fowl excreta (chickens, bats, pigeons.) Most cases are asymptomatic but it does affect the lungs.

Question 22

Sporothrix schenkii

Answer 22

Prick your finger on a plant’s thorn or get a sliver. Associated with decaying plants.

Question 23

What is transient bacteremia?

Answer 23

It lasts minutes to hours. Dental (90%), GU, and GI procedures (each 50%). May be initial manifestation of focal infection such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, arthritis.

Question 24

What is intermittent bacteremia?

Answer 24

Periodic seeding from undrained or inadequately treated focus.

Question 25

What is continuous bacteremia?

Answer 25

Intravascular infection such as endocarditis, vascular access infection, septic thrombophlebitis.

Question 26

For intermittent bacteria when does the highest yield occur?

Answer 26

in the 2 hours preceding clinical symptoms

Question 27

For most infections how many blood cultures should be drawn?

Answer 27

2 blood cultures. For possible endocarditis draw 3 blood cultures separated in time by at least 30 minutes.

Question 28

How much blood should be drawn for a blood culture?

Answer 28

20-30mL of blood volume is ideal.

Question 29

What are some leading causes of bacteremia?

Answer 29

Staph. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, coagulase negative Staph.

Question 30

What is meningitis?

Answer 30

Infection of the meninges.

Question 31

What is encephalitis?

Answer 31

Infection of the brain. May be acute, subacute, or chronic. May be infections, non-infections, or post-infectious.

Question 32

Who is at risk to bacterial meningitis?

Answer 32

Everyone is at risk because it is usually caused by normal flora, but males are slightly more at risk, and those under the age of 15.

Question 33

What pathogens cause bacterial meningitis?

Answer 33

Staph. aureus, Neisseria meningitis, Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influezae.

Question 34

Are antibiotics necessary for aseptic meningitis?

Answer 34

No because aseptic meningitis is viral meningitis and antibiotics don't do anything for viruses.

Question 35

What is HAP, HCAP, VAP, and CAP?

Answer 35

Hospital acquired pneumonia, healthcare acquired pneumonia, ventilator acquired pneumonia, and community acquired pneumonia.

Question 36

What are the risk factors for community acquired pneumonia?

Answer 36

Oldest and youngest in age, alcohol abuse, institutionalization, coexisting illnesses.

Question 37

How can you test and diagnose Community acquired pneumonia?

Answer 37

X-rays, sputum gram stain/culture, blood cultures, antigen detection, serology, molecular tests.

Question 38

What percentage of patients produce a good sputum specimen?

Answer 38

Only about 50%

Question 39

What are the main CAP etiological agents?

Answer 39

Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, etc.

Question 40

What is the most commonly identified pathogenic cause of community acquired pneumonia?

Answer 40

Streptococcus pneumoniae. (2/3 of bacteremic pneumonia)

Question 41

How is CAP spread by Haemophilus Influenzae?

Answer 41

mostly by droplet or direct contact.

Question 42

What is the main cause of "Walking pneumonia?"

Answer 42

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 43

There are three main types of Influeza. What are the two main types?

Answer 43

Types A and B

Question 44

Which influenza is responsible for epidemics?

Answer 44

Only Influenza type A

Question 45

What is the test of choice for Influenza testing?

Answer 45

PCR

Question 46

What is folliculitis?

Answer 46

minor infection associated with friction and sweat gland activity

Question 47

What is a furuncle?

Answer 47

It is an abscess in the area of a hair follicle

Question 48

What is a carbuncle?

Answer 48

It is a multiloculated abscess

Question 49

What is impetigo?

Answer 49

infection of the epidermis - "honey crust"

Question 50

What is cellulitis?

Answer 50

Infection of the dermis..subcutaneous.

Question 51

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

Answer 51

It is an enzyme producing bacteria that digests the fascial barriers and causes tissue necrosis.

Question 52

What is crepitus?

Answer 52

It is a feeling as if there were rice krispies under the skin

Question 53

Abscess of skin + pus

Answer 53

Staph. aureus

Question 54

Abscess of mouth/rectum/vagina

Answer 54

Think polymicrobial

Question 55

Cellulitis and Erysipelas

Answer 55

Strep. pyogenes (Group A strep)

Question 56

Bacteriuria

Answer 56

Bacteria in the urine

Question 57

Dysuria

Answer 57

Pain upon urination

Question 58

Pyuria

Answer 58

Pus in the urine

Question 59

Cystitis

Answer 59

Infection of the BLADDER

Question 60

Urethritis

Answer 60

Infection of the URETHRA

Question 61

Prostatitis

Answer 61

Infection of the Prostate Gland

Question 62

Lower urinary tract

Answer 62

refers to the bladder, urethra, and the prostate in males

Question 63

Pyelonephritis

Answer 63

Infection of the kidneys (Upper Urinary Tract)

Question 64

If there is flank pain and fever you can almost always bet that the patient has what type of UTI?

Answer 64

Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)

Question 65

Urethritis is usually caused by an STD, true or false?

Answer 65

TRUE

Question 66

What pathogen causes 95% of all UTI

Answer 66

E. coli

Question 67

What is the most commonly contaminated urine specimen collection?

Answer 67

"Clean catch"

Question 68

What are the rules regarding collection of urine from a catheter?

Answer 68

Never collect a specimen directly from the catheter bag, never culture the catheter tip.

Question 69

True or false, urine should be tested within 2 hours otherwise it needs to be refrigerated for a maximum of 24 hours.

Answer 69

TRUE

Question 70

What is true infection of a UTI?

Answer 70

>10^5 CFU/mL of a single bacterial species in a symptomatic patient.