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anthropology Quiz #2 > FINAL TEST > Flashcards

FINAL TEST Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

HOMINID EVOULTION

A
  • OVER 6MYA first hominids appeared

* about 2.5 mya human line spilt

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2
Q

ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECIES

A

*One line developed big molar/pre molar teeth for chewing became extinct about 1 mya These are Robust australopithecines

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3
Q

GRACILE AUSTRALOPIHECINES

A

The other line developed larger brain, smaller teeth, smaller faces
started using stone tools

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4
Q

Anatomically modern humans (Homosapiens) are about 160kya

A

Hominid lie spilt from ape line 5-7 mya
sahelanthropus tehadenisis at 6-7 may
ardipithecus ramidus/kadabba at 5.8-5.2 mya
Orrin Hugeness at 6mya
First Australopithecus appears at 4.2mya

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5
Q

-3. 2.5 may two lies of hominids evolved

A

Robust Austrlopot(paranthropus) with larger bad teeth, and huge powerful jaws
-Gracile Austlop have smaller back teethed jaws
applies to the boy in their heads.(skul) for robust and gracile
-2.5 myz first evidence of genus Homo

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6
Q

HOMO HABILIS

A

Brian is 1/2 of modern humans.

stone tools for scavenging animals flesh

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7
Q

BIRTHPLACE TO MODERN HOMINIDS

A

AFRICA

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8
Q

5 LOCATION OF MAJOR HOMINID SITES

A
  • CHAD
  • ETHIOPIA
  • KENYA
  • TARZANIA
  • SOUTH AFRICA
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9
Q

GREAT RIFT VALLEY

A

plate techtonics

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10
Q

EARLY SPECIES

7 EARLY HOMINID SPECIES EXISTED PRIOR 3 MYA

A

1) SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENISIS( (6-7 MYA)
2) ORRORIN TUGENESIS ( 6 MYA)
3) ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS (5.8-52 MYA)
4) ARDIPITHECUS KADABBBA ( 5.6-5.8 MYA)
5) AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS ( 4.2-3.8 MYA)
6) AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS (4-3 MYA)
7) KENYAPITHECUS PLATYOPS (3.5-3.2 MYA)

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11
Q

1) SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENISIS (6-7mya)

A
  • (only cranial remains) there is a debate to whether it really was bipedal
  • very small cranium (320-380 cc) seem size as a chimp
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12
Q

2) ORRORIN TUGENEISIS (6 mya)

A
  • found in 6 mya sediment

* Femur suggested Bipedal, but arms and bones suggest lived in tress

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13
Q

The Savannah hypothesis

A

Historically it was believed that bipedalism evolved on the open Savannah. however modernly we know that isn’t true (the savannah hypothesis) it is now understood that bipedalism evolved in thickly wooded forest

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14
Q

4) ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA

A

Based on teeth found 2001/2002 int the Middle Awash, Ethiopia Date to 5.6-5.8 mya

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15
Q

5) AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMNESE

A

(4.3-8mya)
bipedalism
Ancestral apelike characteristics
again ancestral (ape like) and derived (bipedalism) features are mixed, showing that all these features did not arise at the same time. (Mosaic Evolution)
A. Anamensis may be a direct line to later hominids

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16
Q

6) AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS

A

LUCY was one
pelvic bones ad femur clearly indicated bipedalism
bipedalism =hominid
laetoil footprints: these footprints from 3.75 mya shows characteristics associated with bipedalism
Diastema : a gap between the teeth (between incisors and canines for primates)
has Prognathism: the projection/protrusion of the lower face

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17
Q

7) KENYATHROPUS PLAYTOPS(3.5-3.2 mya)

A

means “flat face man from kenya”

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18
Q

MARY LEAKEY:

A

illustrator that got famous for discovering Robust

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19
Q

DONALD JOHANSON:

A

discoverd Lucy

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20
Q

“ROBUST”

Study These Flashcards
A

only refers to teeth

21
Q

THE 3 SPECIES OF ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINES 3

Study These Flashcards
A

1.) Australopithecus (paranthropus) aethiopicus (E. africa)
2.) Australopithecus (paranthropus) boise (E. Africa)
3. ) Australopithecus (paranothropus) robust (S.Africa)
all 3 went extinct by 1mya no ancestral to modern humans

22
Q

2 SPECIES OF GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECINES

Study These Flashcards
A

Australopithecus Africanas > south Africa Taung child

Australopithecus Afarensis> East Africa > Lucy

23
Q

Raymond Dart: 1924

Study These Flashcards
A

Discoverd the first Austalopithecus> Taung Child

Died 5-7 years

24
Q

Taphonomy:

Study These Flashcards
A

study of how a site is formed. archeological not paleontology

25
Australopithecus.Garhi
Stone tools were found at the same site along with tool marks on animal bones, the strongest evidence for tool use among any australopithecine species
26
Homo/(Australopithecus?) Habilis
some have suggested there are multiple species lumped into the category (small=H. habilis , large= rudolfensis ) not all of whom are our direct ancestors
27
6 model for the evolution of bipedalism
1. tool use 2.predator avoidance (however even meerkats do this) 3. locomotor efficancy 4. temperature regulation 5.caring (baby/food) 6. harvesting standing might be the reason why we became bipedal, NOT walking not true b/c we don't evolve to do a job, but these are things that we were able to do as we became bipedal
28
stone Tools
at least 2.5 mya( this date isn't set bc of the debate of active hammer and passive hammer technique) archeology, not paleontology bc they are not bones
29
STONE TOOLS DATE BACK TO 2.5 MYA | 3 major stone tool technologies
1. Oldowa( olduwan) 2. Acheulean 3. Mousterian (Neanderthals)
30
active hammer and Passive
Active hammer one person attempts to create a tool by sitting down and hammering it passive PASSIVE : a man can throw a core (rock) which shatters and becomes a tool
31
MARKS ON THE BONE
stone tools leave “V shape” marks on bone Teeth leaves “ U shape “ marks on bone *people probably scavenged for meat because an annual would be the first to killed by an animal, and then the ppl would use stone tools to remove the meat
32
SKELETON
``` CRANIAL MATERIAL Everything associated with the skull (even teeth) SKULL1.made up of cranium+ mandible 2.nuchal crest *ridge on back of the skull where neck muscles are attached 3.sagital crest *attached chewing muscles 4.zygomatic arch *cheek bone POSTCRANIAL MATERIAL> ligaments hold bone together tendons attach muscle to bone spine> Neck > * cervical vertebrae THORACIC VERTEBRAE > attached to the ribs LUMBAR VERTEBRAE > lower back PELVIS >2 ill >1 sacrum (tail bone) ARMS >humerus > ulna >radius WRIST > carpals HANDS >metacarpals FINGERS >phalanges LEGS >femur (thigh) >tibia >Fibia ANKLE >tarsals >FOOT> metatarsals>TOES >phalanges ```
33
Emergence of the genus homo
1.8 mya Homo Erectus derived (homo ergaster) Homo erectus/egaster was The first hominid to leave Africa -Homo Ergaster: Africa (2 MYA) Homo Erectus: Asia (1MAYA)
34
Eugene dubois
found the first H.Erectus
35
PILTDOWN (HOAX
assumption kept it out the family tree at first someone buries a really old skull and thing in piltdown England to try to prove that the english were the oldest human species
36
Nariokotome boy
(strapping youth) was a 12 yr old boy that was really tall | 1.6 mya died
37
5 Cultural Behaviors
Stone tools H ergaster/erectus became much more complicated than H/A habilis cooperative hunters caves temporary shelter fire cooking and warmth
38
Homofloresiensis
AKA HOBITTS
39
Archaic homo sapiens (AHS): REFERS TO EARLY HOMO SAPIENS WHICH ARE NOT YET ANATOMICALLY MODERN IN FORM 3 Archaic homo sapiens
1. H. Heidelberhenis-all of the old world (Asia, Africa) 2. H. Antecessor - W Europe 3. H. Neanderthalensis - E+W Europe &Middle East * we mapped %65 of their DNA * we share %2 of their DNA
40
distribution of sites
AHS fossil range fro 800-35 cya
41
Frankfort horizontal (plane)
proper orientation of the skull
42
Neanderthals: europe and Middle east | 4 neanderthal features
1. Larger brains 1465cc largest brain out of all of the 2. Occipital bun: the back of the skull protrudes 3. Mid facial: prognathism 4. Retromolar: behind the last molar * the first skull found was called la chapelle neanderthal
43
NEANDERTHAL TOOLS
Neanderthal tools knows as Mousterian
44
Anatomically modern homo sapiens
by 28 kay , all fossils are anatomically modern homo sapiens in form are found all over the world oldest sites are from S and E Africa and date between 90 and 160 kay sites in the middle east date back to 92 kya KUNG are the oldest human population
45
Multiregionalism vs Replacement | THESE ARE ALL THEORIES OF HOW HUMANS POPULATED THE EARTH
Mulitiregional hypothesis, Regional Continuity, Regional coalescence humans evolved simultaneously in different regions 2. Out of Africa, Mitochondrial eve, replacement Hypothesis, garden of eden * more likely, all evolved in Africa, and replaced other specie 3. MOSTLY out of Africa Hypothesis * most believed
46
epochs
``` Pliocene epoch :65-54 mya B.p primate like changes Eocene epoch: 54-34 mya B.p first primate (primative prosimians) fist anthropoids Oligocene epoch : 34 -5 may Radiation of anthropoids Miocene epoch: 23-5 mya B.p radiation of easy apes, divergence of apes Divergence of apes ad hominids ```
47
foraman magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through witch the spinal cod passes
48
Australopitheies (2 types robust and graclie
``` earliest confirmed hominids -confined to africa -bipedal multiple species some living simultaneously -relatively small brains (400-500 cc) ```

anthropology Quiz #2 (2 decks)

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