FINAL TEST Flashcards
(51 cards)
True or False. Cytokines have low-affinity cell receptors.
False. They have high affinity cell receptors so therefore they act at very low concentrations
What type of signaling do cytokines utilize?
JAK-STAT or Ras-MAP kinase pathways
How are JAKs activated?
conformational change in the receptor when the cytokine binds that allows trans-and/or auto-phosphorylation of the two bound JAKs
Explain pleiotropy
cytokines exhibit multiple effects on growth and differentiation of a variety of cell types
Explain redundancy
cytokines produced that have similar effects on the same cell such as fever: IL-6, IL-1 or TNF with IL-1 being the strongest
Explain synergy
sometimes cytokines have the capacity to multiply the effect of each other such as IL-4 and IL-5
Explain antagonism
IL-4 and IFN-gamma antagonize each other by IFN-gamma blocking class switching to IgE which was induced by IL-4
Types of Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their type of transcription
IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18
NF-KB dependent transcription
Types of Anti-inflammatory cytokines and their type of transcripton
IL-10 and TGF-Beta
control inflammation and promote healing
NF-KB independent transcription
What happens in systemic inflammation?
Homeostasis is overwhelmed by pro-inflammatory cytokines; if local inflammation is initiated and then spills over; the cytokines appear in circulation and cause a systemic response leading to: Severe sepsis (cardiovascular collapse and multiple organ failure)
Hyper inflammatory Response
early deaths due to overwhelming inflammation during innate period
driven by TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
in response to hyper inflammatory response the only way to compensate is to engage anti-inflammatory responses and they were so overreactive as well that it crosses the recovery line and into the immunosuppression region
Immunosuppression
late deaths due to persistent immunosuppression and recurrent infections
temperature goes below normal and the immune system has paralysis
IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-beta
What are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF, IL-1 and IL-6
What are the results of administration of TNF or IL-1?
they produce fever, systemic inflammation, shock and death
Which cytokine is the primary mediator of septic shock?
TNF-alpha
What produces TNF?
macrophages (TNF-alpha), monocytes (TNF-alpha), T lymphocytes (TNF-beta), neutrophils and NK cells
What is the most potent inducer of TNF?
Endotoxin LPS
Which cytokine induces anti-tumor immunity?
TNF through direct apoptotic effects on cancerous cells
What produces IL-1?
PRIMARILY by macrophages and monocytes
also neutrophils, endothelial cells, keratinocytes
Which cytokine is the first in line to produce fever?
IL-1
Which cytokine is first in line to induce ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selection on endothelial cells?
TNF-alpha
IL-1 induces proliferation of what?
production of IL-2 and proliferation of CD4 T lymphocytes
What cytokine is the first in inducing the production of acute phase proteins?
IL-6
