FINAL TEST (Junior Year) Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What were the Medicates?
A
It was a movement in the 1200’s began by Francis of Assisi and Dominic of Spain who took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience.
2
Q
Who was Henry II?
A
A king in power of England (by birth) and of France (by his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine).
3
Q
What is Lay Investiture and what does it have to do with Henry II?
A
It’s the appointing of bishops by the power of the king, and Henry used this to make Thomas Becket, once a friend of his, the Archbishop of Canterbury (north of England).
4
Q
Who was Thomas Becket?
A
Archbishop for 1162-1170
He had studied law before going into the priesthood, and he had a conflict with Henry II about the court systems in England about the civil and ecclesiastical authority.
He disappeared for some time to stay safe before things got more heated, and then returned on December 29, 1170.
5
Q
What were the four consequences of Thomas Beckett’s death?
A
- Henry II lost a friend and advisor.
- Rebellions in the north because people are angry.
- Eleanor and her two songs rebel against Henry for two years.
- Henry loses credibility in Rome.
6
Q
What is a Guild?
A
A corporation within a community (cities/towns).
7
Q
What were some things invented in the Agricultural Revolution?
A
- Letting a field lie fallow.
- The moldboard plow.
8
Q
What was the Commercial Revolution?
A
Certain regions/nations/kingdoms become specializing in certain goods.
9
Q
What is a University? What was the first University?
A
University: Intellectual Guild.
First University: Bologna (1154).
10
Q
What were the Liberal Arts according to the Romans?
A
The skills a man needed to know to be free.
11
Q
What were the Liberal Arts according to the Greeks?
A
Trivium:
- Grammar
- Logic
- Rhetoric
Quadrivium:
- Arithmetic (number)
- Geometry (space)
- Music (number in time)
- Astronomy (number in space and time)
12
Q
What was taught at Cathedrals?
A
Theology.
13
Q
Who was Pope Innocent III?
A
- Born in 1160, Pope in 1198, Died in 1211.
- Approved the Franciscans and Dominicans.
- Reformed the Curia (the body of men who helped elect the pope).
- Began a crusade in France against the Albigensians (thinking that all matter was evil).
14
Q
Who was King John I of England?
A
Song of Henry II.
he was struggling financially, and so Philip II of France stripped him of the lands he had in that country from his father.
With no new Archbishop since Thomas Becket, he pressured the monks in Canterbury to obey him, which got him excommunicated. The punishment would only be lifted if he were to make England a fief of Rome.
15
Q
What was the Magna Carta and what were its effects?
A
Sealed by King John at Runnymede (outside of London) on 1297 saying that the king is not above the law.
16
Q
What was the Parliament?
A
“Parle” - “To meet”: The highest court in England of 40-80 men with the Levy Taxes (“Power of the Purse”).
17
Q
What was the geological landscape of France from the 800’s to 1250?
A
The king had dominion over about 10% of France in 950.
By 1250 the king had dominion over about 50% of France.
Rome: “France is the first daughter of the Church.”
18
Q
What was the political situation in the 12th century?
A
Bernard of Clairveux founded the Cistercian order in 1180.
- Cloistered: Stay at home and pray, having a devotion to Our Lady.
- Ascetic: Penitential life.
19
Q
What was the Albigensian Crusade?
A
1209-1229
Raymond of Toulouse has the Albigensians take out his enemies.
Pope Innocent III tried to convert the Albigensians, but once a papal legate was murdered by Raymond on January 12, 1208, the pope called for 200,000 French men for a Crusade.
20
Q
What were the Ecclesiastical and Spanish Inquisitions?
A
Inquisition: Papal and temporal legate (lawyer).
- Ecclesiastical: Dealt with the Albigensians.
- Spanish: Dealth with the Muslims/Moors.
21
Q
Who was St. Louis IX?
A
Born in 1214, Reigned 1226-1270.
Marks of the French Monarchy by power, land, and a relationship with the nobility.
He was a member of the Capetian Dynasty (978-1328).
He marked his days with prayer.
He was crowned as king at 12 years old in Reims.
- His mother ruled for him until he was 21.
- Son of King Louis VIII and Blanche fo Castile (Spanish).
Married Marguerite and had 11 children, educating them all.
Ended the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 with his support and strengthening of the Ecclesiastical Inquisition at 15 years old.
22
Q
How did Louis IX die?
A
He often went on crusades, and so when he went to one going to Egypt, he got captured. They released him for only half his ransom being paid, but he didn’t want to leave until the whole debt was paid off.
He then went on a second crusade in Egypt where he died on August 25, 1270.
23
Q
When did St. Dominic die?
A
1221
24
Q
When did St. Thomas Aquinas begin composing his Summa Theologica?
A
1272
25
Who was King Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII?
- Philip IV of France, currently ununified due to conflict with England, wants to capture Sicily, currently in control of Naples.
- Pope Boniface VIII, elected in 1294, tries to stop Philip so that the States of the Church wouldn't be surrounded by France both north and now south of them.
- Boniface raises taxes in France, the money going to him and not Philip.
- Philip responds by raising taxes 10% more, gaining now 10% of Boniface's tax income.
- Boniface sets the Papal Bull, Clericis Laicos, saying that the French king cannot raise taxes on priests.
- Philip then starts arresting priests that don't pay their taxes.
- In October of 1302, Boniface issues another Papal Bull, Unam Sanctam, saying that he has spiritual and temporal authority over all kings.
- Philip sends 500 men to take Boniface into Anagni, France, dying in 1303.
26
Who was Pope Benedict XI?
Successor of Boniface VIII.
He removed the two Papal Bulls.
Suddenly died in 1304.
His successor was Pope Clement V in 1305 who began the Avignon Papacy.
27
What are the three phases and their dates of the Hundred Years' War?
1. Edwardian: 1337-1360
2. Caroline: 1369-1389
3. Lancastrian: 1415-1453
28
How did the first phase of the Hundred Years' War begin?
- Edward III of England, son of Henry III and Isabella of Valois, attempts to gain the French throne through his mother, the daughter of Philip IV.
- Due to Primogeniture, a French Salic Law, no woman can inherit the French throne, therefore the inheritance can't pass through Isabella and to Edward, unlike the English law.
- Edward began his reign by 1337, beginning to raise money and troops to invade France and take the throne.
- He invaded northern France, which was difficult due to how long the journey took.
29
What was the Battle of Crecy?
A battle between 5,000 English troops and 10,000 French troops, only about 40 English die and 1,500 French die.
Victory for the English, which allows them to take Calais in the most northern portion of France an also closest to England, becoming an English port/military garrison.
30
How did the first phase of the Hundred Years' War end?
Treaty of Bretigny between Edward and John II (the new king of France) as an English victory. The terms were that Edward would renounce his fight for the French throne, but he gets to keep Aquitaine, Brittany, and Calais.
31
How did the second phase of the Hundred Years' War begin?
- Charles V of France wanted to reclaim the territories lost in the Treaty of Bretigny, but had no reason to do so (yet).
- Edward the Black Prince, son of Edward III, had a war against the Burgundians and raised taxes in Aquitaine. The people then start complaining to their king, technically still the French king (Charles V), about the taxes.
He invites EdwardBP to come to Paris to talk about the taxes, but he refuses. Charles reclaims the lost territories in response, restarting the war.
32
How did the second phase of the Hundred Years' War end?
With the Treaty of Leulingham in 1389. There was no distinctive victor, as both sides needed to stop fighting, and so they agreed on 27 years of peace, signed by the new kings, Richard II of England and Charles VI of France.
33
What was the Black Plague?
1347-1353
Spread across Europe during the Edwardian and Caroline phases.
Around 80M people were in Europe at this time, and about 40M-50M of them die from the plague.
34
How did the third phase of the Hundred Years' War begin?
- Richard II has claim to the English throne by blood while Henry IV had claim to it by politics.
- Henry IV invades and imprisons Richard where he then starves to death.
- The English throne then goes from Henry IV to his son, Henry V.
- In 1413, Henry V invades France while it's weak due to its mentally unstable king, Charles VI, with 8,000 men.
35
What was the Battle of Agincourt?
- After an 8 week siege in Harfleur, Henry V's army begins to become ill with 6,000 men left, and so they try to make it to Calais.
- On the way, they encounter into 20-30,000 French soldiers.
- Using their longbows, they shot so many arrows from a nearby hill that it blocked out the sun.
- About 1/3 to 1/2 of the French are killed while only 400-1,400 English are lost.
36
What was the Treaty of Troyes?
Isabell, wife of Charles VI of France, makes the Treaty of Troyes with Henry V in Charles' name in 1420 with the terms:
- Henry can marry their daughter, Catherine.
- He may become the king of France.
- Their eldest son will also then inherit the French throne.
37
Who was Joan of Arc?
- Born into a poor family in 1412 in Domremy, she planned to marry young, but then she began having visions at age 11 that she would help the French take back the throne.
- At age 17, in 1429, she learns her mission, that she is to get Charles VII (son of Charles VI of France) coronated as king.
- She disguises herself as a poor boy to sneak into a council where French noblemen and Charles were present.
- Rumor spread about a lady sent by God to help get Charles coronated, and so, to test her, they have one of the noblemen and Charles swap appearances.
- After revealing herself, Joan pointed out Charles amongst the noblemen, knowing him to be her king, and said that she was to escort him to Reims for his coronation.
- After 2 months of testing to make sure she was legitimate, she went off with Charles to Reims, stopping on Orleans along the way.
- After his coronation, she became his advisor and, in early May of 1430, she begins a conquest into Paris where she then gets captured by the Burgundians.
- She is put up for ransom, but Charles refuses to pay the bill, and so the English buy her instead.
- In 1431, she was put through unfair trials and was called a witch where then she was burned at the stake on May 30th.
- It is said that her heart survived and was still beating, and so it was burned separately.
38
What was the Battle of Castillion?
It was France's final push at England to run them out of their land, leaving them only with Calais.
Ended the Hundred Years' War.
39
What was the Great Schism of the West?
- 1378-1415
- Clement V began the Avignon Papacy, and Gregory XI was the last pope to reside there.
- Gregory wanted to move the papacy back to Rome, and was even advised to do so by St. Catherine.
- He returned to Rome in 1377, but then died 10 months later, leaving the rest of the papacy wondering whether he formally moved back to Rome or if he was just visiting.
- 16 cardinals (12 Italians and 4 French) gather in Rome to elect the new pope, Urban VI (Italian).
- The French cardinals were upset because the papacy would be in Rome now (and not in Avignon where France had a hand on the papacy), thinking the election was biased, and so they went back to Avignon to elect their own pope, Clement VI.
- With the tension between France and Italy rising in 1415, the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, steps in and ends the Great Schism.
40
What was the Council of Constance?
Council called by the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, to end the Great Schism by having the current popes step down and elect a new pope, Martin V.
41
What is Conciliarism?
The pope does not have authority without the presence of an ecclesiastical body/Ecumenical council (Bishop representatives of the entire Church).
42
What spiritual matters were addressed at the Council of Constance?
To look for unity, exhortation, and reform in the Church by addressing. the heresies of John Wycliffe (who was dead at this time) and Jan Hus.
43
Who was John Wycliffe?
1328-1384
An English Oxford professor.
Believed:
1. No major hierarchy/authority in the Church.
2. Sola Scriptora (Only Scripture) as the only authority.
3. Nominalism.
44
What does "Renaissance" mean?
"Rebirth".
45
Who was Jan Hus?
1370-1415
Went to the University of Prague in Bohemia.
Believed:
- The Eucharist maintains its substance materially.
His followers were called Hussites.
He was burned at the stake at the Council of Constance.
46
What all happened in 1453?
- Battle of Castillion.
- Fall of Constantinople.
- Aristotle and Cicero's works are brought into Italy.
- Invention of the printing press.
47
What was the Council of Basel?
1431-1445
To solve the schism between the East and the West about the Filioque Clause:
- East: Spirit descends from the Father only.
- West: Spirit descends from both the Father and the Son.
48
What is Humanism?
Why is man a worthy object of affection to God?
What is man?
49
Who were the Ottoman Turks?
- Originated in Greece and Turkey.
- Osman I, first king of the Seljuk Turks, began the Ottoman Empire.
- Conquered Constantinople with a 3 day siege, renaming it Istanbul.
50
Who was Johannas Gutenburg?
He invented the printing press.
The Gutenburg Bible was named after him for being the first Bible made off of his work in 1455.
51
Who was Lorenzo de' Medici?
- He developed the university life.
- He expanded Florence.
- An excellent diplomat.
- Appeared as a spiritual leader.
52
Who was Savonarola?
- The enemy of Lorenzo de' Medici.
- Began the Burning of the Vanities, where he convinced wealthy people to burn their art/possessions against Lorenzo (burned about 2/3 of Botticelli's great works).
- Was excommunicated, hung in Florence, and then burned at the stake.
53
What all happened in 1492?
- Thomas More goes to Oxford.
- Reconquista of Spain.
- Columbus finds America.
- Lorenzo de' Medici died.
54
What were the Renaissance artists, Michelangelo and Raphael doing in the early 16th century?
Michelangelo: Painting the Sistine Chapel. 1508-1512
Raphael: Panting the School of Athens. 1509-1511
55
Who was St. Thomas More?
- 1478-1535
- Was knighted in 1521.
- Became a speaker of the house in 1525.
- Became the Lord Chancellor of England in 1529.
- Wrote "Utopia" ("Nowhere" - Greek).
56
What was different about Northern Humanism?
- Focus on logic/wisdom.
- Education of the youth.
- More politcal flare.
- Educate the ruler in virtue.
57
Who was Pope Alexander VI?
- 1492-1503
- Of the Borgia family, cousins yet also enemies of the Medici's and Savonarola.
- Also wanted power, and desired to make the Papal States great again.
- Was effective:
1. Patron of the arts.
2. Well-run administration.
58
Who was Pope Julius II?
1503-1513
Successor of Alexander VI.
Wanted to raise a military force.
59
What was the Reconquista?
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile marry in 1469 to unify Spain with the Moors fleeing south to Granada.
The new king and queen want to unify Spain both politically and religiously, and so after pushing the Moors out in 1492, Spain begins its Golden Age.
60
Who was Francisco Ximenes des Cisneros?
- 1436-1517
- He's a Franciscan that became Isabella's confessor.
- In 1495, became the Archbishop of Tolido.
- Inherits Spain in 1514 because both Isabella and Ferdinand had died.
60
Who was Christopher Columbus?
- An adventurer who wanted to find a new trade route to India around the world to avoid the Ottoman Empire.
- In 1486, he asks Portugal about his plan to sail across the Atlantic, but they reject him.
- In 1491, he goes to Spain to offer his proposal, but they can't accept until the country is unified.
- He then says that he'll go to France, a rival of Spain, next if they don't answer soon, so they finally accept.
- He sets sail on August 3rd, 1492 and reaches the New World on October 12th.
61
What led to the Treaty of Tordesillas?
- Columbus found gold and gems on Hispaniola, greatly increasing the popularity of the New World.
- Portugal grew jealous of Spain, knowing that they were given the same chance.
- In 1494, Pope Alexander VI divided the Atlantic in half, where anything found on the right belonged to Portugal and on the left to Spain.
61
Who was Charles V?
Born on 1500.
The Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, overall having dominion over 2/3 of Europe.
- Maternal side: His grandparents were Ferdinand and Isabella. His mother was Joanna of Castile.
- Paternal side: His grandfather was Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands. His father was Philip the Handsome.
62
In what order did Charles V gain his inheritances?
- 1506: Netherlands.
- 1516: Spain.
- 1519: Holy Roman Empire.
63
What have been the sins of the Church in the Renaissance?
1. A constant cycle of needing to reform.
2. Selling of indulgences and Simony.
3. Their effects.
63
What was the League of Cognac and what were its consequences?
- France allies with England, Milan, and the Papal States to attempt to break off of the Holy Roman Empire.
- This upsets Charles V, especially with the betrayal of Pope Clement VII, and in 1527 he sends an army to sack Rome and take the pope.
- At the same time, he was also questioning his marriage with his Spanish wife (who he married to be allied with Spain) because she hasn't given him any sons.
64
What was Haec Sancta and Frequens?
- Haec Sancta: Pope is found by the decisions of a council.
- Frequens: Councils should happen "frequently".
65
Who was Martin Luther?
- Born in Wittenberg.
- Caught in a lightning storm and made a vow to the Virgin Mary that he would become a monk if he survived.
- He enters the monastery in 1505.
66
How did Luther become a rebel?
- Current heresies of his time were Simony (selling of spiritual authority), selling of indulgences, and Pluralism (priest/bishop being the paster of several far apart churches).
- In 1517 he wrote his 95 Theses.
- In 1518 Cajetan was sent by the pope to have Luther recant his Theses.
- Eck also talks to Luther to recant in 1519.
- In June, 1520, Pope Leo X has the Papal Bull, Exsurge Domine (Rise Up Oh Lord), declaring Luther as a heretic with the hope of him recanting.
67
How did Luther become a heretic?
- Fearing for his life after Exsurge Domine in June, 1520, Luther goes into hiding and writes his theology:
1. An Address to the German Nobility in August.
2. On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church in October.
3. On Christian Freedom in November.
Luther is excommunicated by November, 1520.
68
How did Luther become a reformer?
- In 1521, Charles V tries to expose Luther political at the Diet of Worms, but ultimately puts a bounty on Luther's head in the Edict of Worms.
- On his way back from the Diet, Luther is taken hostage by Frederick, the Duke of Saxony over Wittenberg and a follower of Luther, for his own protection. Luther stays hidden from April, 1521 to March 1522.
69
What are Luther's Solas?
- Scripture (Scripture Alone)
- Fide (Faith Alone)
- Gratia (Grace Alone)
70
What does the term "Cuius regio, emus religio" mean, and why was it coined?
"Whose region, his the religion," coined by Charles V in 1530 because the Holy Roman Empire was no longer unified spiritually.
71
When does Luther die, and what effects lasted after his death?
Luther dies in 1546. His lasting effects were:
1. Began the Reformation.
2. Lutheranism became very popular.
3. Caused political uprising.
72
What was the Augsburg Confession?
Written in 1530, it was Luther's confession, creed, and catechism.
73
Who was John Calvin?
- Known as The Reformer, rejecting everything related to Catholicism, disagreeing with both Luther and the Catholics.
- Born on July 10th, 1509 in Nayon.
- He went to the University of Paris to study theology in 1523 for the priesthood.
- His father then convinced him to study law in 1527.
- He then began studying Classical Culture in 1531.
- At this point, he began talking to a Catholic, but also Catholic-critic, Erasmus, who made him start questioning his faith.
- He starts reading into Protestant material, slowing growing in them and out of Catholicism.
- In December of 1533, a protestant friend of his, Nicolas Cop, publicly criticized Catholicism, which put Calvin's life in danger, where he then flees to Germany.
- He only reappears in 1534 in Geneva, Switzerland.
73
What are John Calvin's teachings?
- He begins his work, first called the Apologia, in 1536, and finishes it in 1559, calling it the Institutes of the Christian Religion.
- His teachings can be remembered as TULIP:
T. Total Depravity: The world is evil and irredeemable.
U. Unconditional Election: The Elect (saved Christian).
L. Limited Atonement: Christ only died for the Elect.
I. Irresistible Grace: One can never leave the Elect.
P. Predestination: Fate of heaven or hell is predetermined.
74
How does John Calvin transform Geneva?
- Geneva, now a protestant city, became a Theocracy where the Church and the state acted as one.
- They argued that God was the alone highest authority.
- The city was governed by a legislative body called the Magistrates.
- To become a Magistrate, one must have a statue in society, master in scripture, and be elected by the other Magistrates.
- Passions like gluttony, drinking, dancing, and alike were illegal.
Calvin also taught Desacralization: The world is fallen and is not supposed to be holy, only heaven is holy.
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