final (this deck is weeks 5-10) Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
deviance
A
behaviors that violate social norms
2
Q
folkways
A
the least serious norms. this refers to customs, traditions, and etiquette. social sanctions for violating them are least severe
3
Q
mores
A
more seriously protected norms that reflect a deeper sense of morals and values. sanctions for violating them are often much stronger
4
Q
laws
A
represent the most highly codified level of norm. community agrees that violating them requires binding punishment
5
Q
social control
A
the way societies try to influence members’ behavior to maintain social order
6
Q
moral panics
A
over heated, short lived periods of intense social concern over an issue
7
Q
moral entrepreneurs
A
push for increased awareness of and concern over an issue during a moral panic
8
Q
stigma
A
occurs when some characteristics of an individual or group is seen as inferior or undesirable and leads to social rejection
9
Q
labeling theory
A
deviance is not about the act itself, but is negotiated socially through reactions to the act
10
Q
functionalist theories of deviance
A
idea that deviance serves a social purpose, by affirming our social agreements about right and wrong. strengthens social cohesion
11
Q
social cohesion
A
the degree to which we identify with and maintain social rules and connections
12
Q
normative
A
accepted and expected
13
Q
anomie
A
a situation in which we do not have clear morals or social expectations to guide our behavior. used to explain deviance occurs when there is a mismatch between socially endorsed goals and the socially endorsed means to achieve those goals
14
Q
strain theory
A
stress results from anomie, which may lead some to adapt by engaging in deviant behavior
15
Q
merton’s 5 modes of adaptation
A
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
16
Q
conformity (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)
A
when individuals accept both the socially approved goals and have the means to achieve them, so they can follow norms
17
Q
innovation (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)
A
someone shares socially approved values and goals but rejects the means to achieve them.
may use new, unapproved methods to achieve the same goal
18
Q
ritualism (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)
A
people follow socially approved means to success, but reject the goals
ex: going to class everyday but not caring about graduating
19
Q
retreatism (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)
A
rejects both the socially prescribed goals and the normative means to achieve those goals
ex: hippie life of the 60s
20
Q
rebellion (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)
A
rejecting both social goals and means but try to disrupt the system instead of retreating. most threatening to existing social arrangements
21
Q
opportunity theory
A
some people may be more likely than others to be exposed to deviant subcultures
-> those living in poverty in highly populated cities
22
Q
illegitimate opportunity
A
provided by the deviant subculture’s proximity and norms of delinquency in order to take on the role of deviant
23
Q
conflict theories of deviance
A
ask how rules and norms are shaped by power relations in a society
24
Q
worldview
A
set of shared values, beliefs, and understandings about how the world should be
- groups of people holding power are homogenous
25
ideology
set of beliefs, values, and assumptions we use to understand the world, about what constitutes deviance and what does not
- supports the dominant group's hegemony
26
hegemony
a particular type of domination in which the powerful get the consent or support of everyone else
27
theory of differential association
suggests that deviance is a learned behavior, just like any other. learned from social networks
28
control theory
focuses on how ties to mainstream social groups and societal institutions make us less likely to become deviant
29
criminology
the study of crime and criminal behavior. from this perspective, crime exists because criminals have something wrong with them
30
crime
an act that violates the penal code
31
penal code
the written laws that govern behavior in a particular jurisdiction
32
violent crime
murder, robbery, assault, sexual assault, rape
33
property crime
theft that is not carried out through force
34
street crime
violent crimes and property crimes that are more common in public spaces and often involve the police
35
white-collar crime
crimes like fraud, embezzlement, and other unethical acts or business practices that are typically not carried out on the street or in public spaces and do not use physical force
36
criminal
a person who has violated a criminal law
37
social network
a group of people (organizations, nations, etc) that are linked to each other in a specific way
38
social bonds
connections and attachments to people and institutions which often serve as a pathway leading us away from a life of criminal activity
39
crime prevention through environmental design
urban planners and architects can limit dark, isolated, or unsupervised spaces where potential criminals might seek out victims in order to reduce crime
40
broken window theory
theory of policing that argues that small signs of disorder lead to outbreaks of more serious crimes. if police respond to small violations of public order, they will make major crimes less likely.
41
homicide rate
the most common measure of violence in a society
42
culture of violence
the idea that the US has a unique heritage in which settlers had to resort to violence to protect their property and themselves, creating a longstanding norm of violent behavior
43
relative deprivation
a feeling of falling behind while other people do better and better. this feeling creates strain, which can lead to crime
44
mass incarceration
the expansion of imprisonment to a level that is not matched elsewhere in the world or at any previous point in US history, particularly for specific demographic groups
45
"defund the police"
the slogan of a movement to shift resources from police budgets to other agencies that provide services, like jobs, programs, or mental health treatment, to residents of a city
46
black lives matter
movement devoted to, among other things, reducing police violence against african americans
47
the new jim crow
michelle alexander's book argues that mass incarceration represents the latest in a series of institutions and policies designed to reinforce a racialized caste system in the US
48
community cultural wealth
marginalized communities have always generated community cultural wealth that has allowed them to survive and resist
49
persistence
poor people's ability to organize their social world and maintain social order
50
organic capital
the urban poor create social order within a marginal context
51
crimes of resistance
some poor and working class people engage in these as a form of protest against their economic conditions
52
deviant politics
political actions, the resistance, that youth labeled by society as deviant use to respond to punishment that they encounter
53
census
the constitution requires an enumeration of the population every ten years. categories have changed over time
54
race
a system that humans created to classify and stratify groups of people based mostly on skin tone and other phenotypic characteristics, such as eye shape and hair texture
55
ethnicity
common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people
56
one-drop rule
many state laws used to declare than any person with any african ancestry at all was black
57
social construct
a concept that humans invented and gave meaning to in order to understand or justify some dimension of the social world
58
eugenics
the idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans. led to forced sterilization of groups of people labeled as unfit to reproduce
59
phenotype
the set of our visible features or characteristics
60
implicit bias
the association our minds make between seemingly unrelated things
61
explicit bias
bias that we are openly and consciously aware of
62
internalized bias
when a person belonging to a marginalized racial group associates their own group with negative evaluations
63
stereotypes
widely shared perceptions about the personal characteristics, tendencies, or abilities of members of a particular group, like intelligence, personality, physical features, preferences, aggressiveness, or criminality
64
prejudices
preconceived beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about members of a group
65
group threat theory
thinking of another group as an economic political or cultural threat increases prejudice
66
ultimate attribution error
a tendency to perceive undesirable characteristics or behaviors exhibited by members of another group as an innate or inherent part of their personality or essence
67
cognitive dissonance
a psychological state in which our preexisting ideas do not match what we see with our own eyes
ex: seeing positive behaviors from people we think of negatively
68
contact theory
interaction and exposure with members of other groups can be beneficial, but only under specific conditions. the interaction has to occur in a collaborative voluntary and non competitive space and happens multiple times.
69
audit study
only one aspect is changed and the rest of the experiment and trials is replicated
70
racial discrimination
the differential treatment of people based on their presumed racial group membership
71
negative racial discrimination
unfavorable and unjust treatment of a person based on their racial group membership
72
racism
a set of beliefs, ideologies, or institutional practices that are based on the idea that one racial group is biologically or culturally inferior to another group and that reproduces racial domination and exploitation
73
white supremacy
a set of beliefs, ideologies, and institutional practices that position white people as superior to other racial groups
74
institutional racism
the ways that core institutions, like the law, education, and labor market, are embedded with racial biases and practices that reproduce inequality
75
jim crow
a period in american history between the end of the reconstruction (following the civil war) in the late nineteenth century and the end of the civil rights movement of the mid twentieth century
76
civil rights movement
a large scale black led social movement in the 1950s and 60s centered around protest, civil disobedience, and legal battles
77
affirmative action
policies or programs that sought to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity
78
reparations
recognition of and compensation (usually financial) for past harm against specific people or groups of people
79
immigrant selectivity
the process whereby people who immigrate to the US from certain countries have a unique demographic profile compared to the people who stay behind in their home countries
80
life expectancy
a statistical measure of how long people can expect to live
81
sex
the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones
82
gender
the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationship among and between groups of women and men
83
nature
biological influences
84
nurture
social influences
85
gender norms
social definitions of behavior assigned to particular sex categories
86
the social construction of gender
how meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms. includes teaching, learning, performing, and policing gender in light of expectations of appropriate conduct
87
do gender
we perform actions that produce gender, do gender in interactions with others, and take into consideration what is believed to be appropriate for our gender
88
gender binary
the classification system that allows for only two separate gender categories
89
androgynous
incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics
90
gender-affirming care
therapies or treatments, ranging from counseling to medical interventions such as hormone treatments, aimed at affirming an individual's gender identity when it conflicts with the one assigned at birth
91
intersectionality
the ways different types of social relations are linked together in complex ways, creating very different experiences for different groups of people
92
ethnocultural
cultural influences of the ethnic groups to which we belong
93
gender inequality
individuals or groups are treated and perceived differently based upon their gender
94
eugenics
believed humanity could be improved by encouraging native born upper class whites to have more children while decreasing births through force sterilization in other groups
95
buck v. bell (1927)
the supreme court held that states had the right to sterilize individuals thought unfit to have children
96
motherhood penalty
the systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood
97
fatherhood bonus
benefits in wages and perceived competence associated with fatherhood
98
glass ceiling metaphor
describes barriers that women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions
99
acquaintance rape
a rape or sexual assault that occurs between people who already know each other
100
victim blaming
when survivors are viewed as responsible for their own assaults
101
rape myth
stereotypes or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse or naturalize the perpetrator's behavior
102
intimate partner violence/domestic violence
abuse occurring between current or former spouses, someone they are dating, or romantic partnersp
103
proxy violence
some abusers harm or threaten to harm someone else, like a child, other loved one, or even a pet, if the victim tries to leave
104
reproductive coercion
forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from violence to contraceptive sabotage. increases victim's dependence on abuser
105
financial abuse
preventing the victim from working or restricting their access to money they've earned
106
conservatorship
may be granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia
107
androcentric
focus mainly on the experiences of men
108
hypersexuality
extreme in sexual appearance or desire
109
jezebel caricature
portrayed black women as highly sexual
110
brute caricature
portrayed black men as savage sexual predators
111
puberty
process of becoming a sexually mature individual, a biological event
112
social control
the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interaction, values, and worldviews, and laws
113
medicalization
a process in which society understands or defines a problem in medical terms
114
phallocentrism
a worldview that centers the phallus in sexual acts and society more broadly
115
abstinence only sex education
students are taught that abstinence is expected of them
116
comprehensive sex education
importance of waiting to have sex but giving information to avoid unwanted pregnancies and stds
117
roe v wade
held that the constitution guaranteed a right to abortion
118
medical abortions
pills that are illegal with abortion bans
119
concerted cultivation
- promoted by middle class parents
- actively foster children's talents, opinions, skills
- organized activities, reasoning with them, involvement and monitoring experiences in schools
120
emerging sense of entitlement
the focus on a child's individual development that comes from concerted cultivation
121
accomplishment of natural growth
- parents of working class and poor families
- allow kids to grow spontaneously within these boundaries
- no organized activities
- parents use directives over reasoning
- children navigate institutional life like school on their own
122
emerging sense of constraint
children developed this through accomplishment of natural growth
123
family (in america)
a group of people who are connected by blood, a sexual relationship, or the law
124
kinship
the most basic form of human relationship
125
marriage
a socially sanctioned union that includes legal rights and responsibilities of the spouses to each other, their children, and the larger society
126
adoption
the process of parents voluntarily choosing to have a legal parent-child relationship with a child who isn't related to them by blood
127
blended families
family with a step parent, step sibling, or half sibling. on the rise in the US
128
matrillineal
when societies determine kinship between generations through the mother's line
129
patrillineal
when societies determine kinship, names, property, and titles through the male line
130
universal
some norms are universal, existing in virtually all societies
131
incest taboo
cultural prohibition against sexual activity between relatives
132
longitudinal data
gathered at different points in time
133
polygamy
having multiple spouses at the same time
134
polygny
a man has multiple wives
135
polyandry
a woman has multiple husbands
136
nuclear family
a married couple and their dependent children
137
companionate affection
based on a deep emotional commitment
138
divorce
the legally recognized termination of a marriage
139
no-fault divorce
1970s. allowed couples to divorce without having to prove that one of them broke their marriage vows or acted irresponsibly
140
gray divorce
rapid rise in divorce rate among those over 50 years old
141
social integration
the degree to which people are connected to each other and to social institutions
142
thin market
cost of finding potential partners presents a barrier to forming relationships
143
hook-up
sexual encounter characterized by a lack of longstanding commitmetn
144
double standard for sexual behavior
women's reputations suffer more for engaging in hook-ups than men's do
145
cohabitation
unmarried partners living together
146
relationship inertia
cohabitation encourages people to "slide" into marriage rather than "decide" to marry
147
wedding-industrial complex
the merging of industry with social rituals surrounding marriage
148
commoditization of weddings
these social rituals have economic value because of the products and services we purchase for them
149
consumer rites
elaborations of older customs as businesses attempted to create new markets for their services and products
- weddings have been increasingly surrounded by consumer rites
- used to be community projects
150
wedding traditions as heteronormative
wedding traditions reflect the attitude and assumption that heterosexuality is normal and natural
151
more women are childfree bc
- women are having children later
- families are smaller now than in previous generations
- women have increased their educational attainment and labor force participation
- relaible contraceptives
- marriage rate is at an all time low
152
fertility rates
births per woman
- have declined steadily for decades in many countries around the world
- influenced by economic conditions and careers
153
breadwinner-homemaker model
a gendered labor arrangement in which one partner (usually man) worked outside the home to earn money, and another partner (usually woman) stayed at home to do the housework, childcare, and other household labor
154
duel-earner arrangement
both spouses have wage earning jobs
155
second shift
found that women did the brunt of performing the childcare and housework after their wage earning jobs
156
leisure gap
working men were able to use after work hours to rest, recharge and pursue hobbies, while employed wives did housework and childcare
157
parental leave
may be provided for both or either in other wealthy countries
158
maternity leave
provides protected, paid leave for women who have just given birth
159
paternity leave
usually shorter than maternity leave; some countries
160
social democracies
some developed countries operate where taxes are higher but the government provides more social programs aimed at supporting families and reducing the gap between the rich and the poor
161
universal healthcare
one of many forms of assistance in france, for example.
- costs borne by taxpayers
- they reduce income inequality and poverty rates compared to capitalist countries like the US which offer fewer such forces of support
162
public health crisis
- intimate partner violence
- arises because of cultural norms and social policies around gender, inequality, and violence
163
types of ipv
- physical violence
- sexual violence
- stalking
- psychological aggression
164
entrenched
- economic inequality is
- deeply ingrained in our social institutions and thus unlikely to change without large-scale efforts
165
missing middle
the middle class is argued to be disappearing
- politicians mostly discuss policies that affect the very rich and the very poor, leaving out average working people
166
deportation
being forced to leave the country
167
asylum seekers
request for sanctuary has yet to be processed
168
obergefell v hodges
made same sex marriage legal
169
sandwich generation
- increase in multi-generational households
- the population is getting older
- this is the group of people who are responsible for the care of both their children and their elderly parents
170
functionalist view on education
education is a vital part of the machine that is society
- focuses on the maintenance of the social order
- schools are essential sites of socialization
171
socialization
the process by which people come to share the values, morals, beliefs, and ways of acting that are expected in their society
172
sorting
schools help sort students for future roles in society
173
manifest functions
what we openly create an institution to do
174
latent functions
unintended or unrecognized functions
175
achievement ideology
disguises how unfair things really are. we might think something like school is a meritocracy, but conflict theorists see it as a contest that favors the powerful
176
social reproduction
children will likely remain in the same social class they started in (regardless of school)
177
social capital
the ways people can use their social connections to gain knowledge, access, and other benefits
178
cultural capital
the knowledge and skills we possess that are in short supply and valued by schools and other institutions
179
institutionalized racism (in schools)
shapes who attends which schools, how schools are funded, and who benefits from education polices
180
interactionist theory
pays close attention to what happens in schools, especially everyday interactions and how rules are enforce
181
achievement gap
unequal outcomes resulting from differences in opportunities
- black white
- social class
182
opportunity gap
healthy food, reliable health care, good schools, qualified teachers, high expectations all lead to academic achievement
183
food insecurity
not having consistent access to nutritious food
184
concerted cultivation
middle class families were deliberate about preparing their children for future successes
- reasoned with kids and encouraged them to think for themselves
- enrolled in organized activities
- contacted teachers, coaches with questions and concerns
185
accomplishment of natural growth
- parents who are working class or poor
- more direct in telling kids what to do
- enrolled them in fewer organized activities
- did not question educators or health care professionals about what was best for their children
186
social construct
a concept people have developed and used, and its meaning can change over time and space
- race
- gender
- sexuality
187
de jure segregation
segregation by law
- in the south after the civil war; two separate systems
188
de facto segregation
not by law
- residential segregation in the north led to attending different schools
189
double segregation
schools with large numbers of black and latinx students are also more likely to have large numbers of low-income students
190
heteronormativity
the assumption that individuals are heterosexual and that biological sex and gender identity are aligned
191
hidden curriculum
teaches students how they should behave, how they should expect to be treated, and whose ideas are important
- significant lessons on authority and power
- varies depending on the social class of students -> preparing children to do the same work their parents do
192
tracking
assigning students to classes based on their achievement levels
- social class is a huge factor
- so is race
193
second-generation segregation
segregation inside schools that are supposedly desegregated
194
education policy
decisions about a range of school issues, including funding, operations, curriculum, student assignment, and staffing
- the money for k-12 education generally comes from local property taxes -> major source of inequality
195
no child left behind act of 2001
mandated that schools test all students in most grades every year in math, reading, and science
- schools without sufficient student progress faced consequences
196
charter schools
- privately run but publicly funded
- strict goals for achievement to meet agreement with the district or state
- more segregated than traditional public schools
197
