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Biology 101 > Final: Topic 7 - 15 > Flashcards

Final: Topic 7 - 15 Flashcards

1
Q

In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

A

16

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2
Q

Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what type of chromatids?

A

Sister

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3
Q

Cells having two sets of genetic information are described by the term

A

Diploid

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4
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

between the gap phases of interphase

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5
Q

In eukaryotic cells, which can occur during mitosis?

A) duplication of chromatids      
B) replication of DNA    
C) pairing of homologous chromosomes
D) disappearance of nuclear envelope
E) all of these
A

D) disappearance of nuclear envelope

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6
Q

The chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator during what phase?

A

metaphase

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7
Q

The distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells is accomplished during

A) anaphase	
B) mitosis.
C) meiosis.
D) cytokinesis.   
E) karyokinesis.
A

D) cytokinesis.

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A) leads to uniform characteristics in a population.
B) results in new combinations of genetic traits.
C) produces genetic clones.
D) requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction.

A

B) results in new combinations of genetic traits

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9
Q

The number of chromosomes found in a eukaryotic cell

A) is dependent on the age of the tissue.
B) is constant during the life cycle during generations.
C) is haploid among sexually reproducing forms and diploid if they reproduce asexually.
D) is doubled by fertilization and cut in half by meiosis.

A

D) is doubled by fertilization and cut in half by meiosis.

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10
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A) may exchange parts during meiosis.
B) are in pairs, one chromosome of each pair from the father and one from the mother.
C) pair up during meiosis.
D) all of these

A

D) all of these

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11
Q

What kind of chromosome do prokaryotes have?

A

Single loop chromosome

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12
Q

What kind of chromosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

multiple, linear chromosomes surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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14
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 homologous pairs and 1 pair of non-homologous (sex)

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15
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23 chromosomes, or 1 complete set

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16
Q

What does 2n signify?

A

diploid

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17
Q

What does n signify?

A

haploid

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18
Q

Are human chromosomes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Are human gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid - 1 set of chromosomes

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20
Q

What are genes?

A

segments of DNA that code for a specific protein or RNA molecule

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21
Q

What determines an organism’s traits?

A

Hereditary genes and the environment

22
Q

What’s a genome?

A

a cell’s complete complement of DNA

23
Q

What do genes determine on an individual?

A

Characteristics

24
Q

What are the different forms of characteristics?

A

Traits

25
Q

T/F: cell division is unregulated and occurs as needed by the cell

A

F: orderly sequence of events, precisely timed, and carefully regulated stages

26
Q

2 major phases of the cell cycle:

A

interphase and mitotic phase

27
Q

The cell grows and DNA is replicated in what phase?

A

Interphase

28
Q

What happens during the mitotic phase?

A

replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and cell divides

29
Q

Eukaryotes go through a long preparatory phase known as:

A

Interphase

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

31
Q

T/F: the S phase involves cell growth and protein synthesis

A

F: cell growth and protein synthesis occur in G1

32
Q

What occurs during each stage of interphase?

A

G1 - cell growth and protein synthesis
S - DNA replication and replication of the centromere
G2 - Further growth and protein synthesis

33
Q

What is mitosis and what occurs?

A

nuclear cell division where duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei

34
Q

In what phase is the cytoskeleton dismantled?

A

G2

35
Q

What orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis?

A

Mitotic spindle

36
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

37
Q

What are the 2 portions of the mitotic phase?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

38
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

physical separation of cytoplasmic contents into two daughter cells

39
Q

Describe what happens in prophase:

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • centrosomes move towards opposite poles
40
Q

Describe what happens in prometaphase:

A
  • chromosomes continue to condense
  • kinetochores appear at centromeres
  • mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
41
Q

Describe what happens in metaphase:

A
  • chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate

- each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

42
Q

Describe what happens in anaphase:

A
  • centromeres split in two
  • sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled towards opposite poles
  • certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
43
Q

Describe what happens in telophase:

A
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
  • nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
  • the mitotic spindle breaks down
  • spindle fibers continue to push poles apart
44
Q

Describe what happens in cytokinesis:

A

Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells

45
Q

How are daughter cells separated in cytokinesis?

A

Animal cells: actin ring

Plant cells: cell plate formation

46
Q

T/F: The cell cycle is regulated by internal controls.

A

True

47
Q

What are the internal controls that monitor and regulate the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints

48
Q

How many major checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

3

49
Q

Where are checkpoints located during the cell cycle?

A

1st at the end of G1, 2nd during G2-M transition, 3rd during metaphase

50
Q

When are cells in G0 phase?

A

when the cell is not actively dividing

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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