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Biology 101 > Final: Topic 7 - 15 > Flashcards

Final: Topic 7 - 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

A

16

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2
Q

Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what type of chromatids?

A

Sister

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3
Q

Cells having two sets of genetic information are described by the term

A

Diploid

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4
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

between the gap phases of interphase

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5
Q

In eukaryotic cells, which can occur during mitosis?

A) duplication of chromatids      
B) replication of DNA    
C) pairing of homologous chromosomes
D) disappearance of nuclear envelope
E) all of these
A

D) disappearance of nuclear envelope

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6
Q

The chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator during what phase?

A

metaphase

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7
Q

The distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells is accomplished during

A) anaphase	
B) mitosis.
C) meiosis.
D) cytokinesis.   
E) karyokinesis.
A

D) cytokinesis.

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A) leads to uniform characteristics in a population.
B) results in new combinations of genetic traits.
C) produces genetic clones.
D) requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction.

A

B) results in new combinations of genetic traits

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9
Q

The number of chromosomes found in a eukaryotic cell

A) is dependent on the age of the tissue.
B) is constant during the life cycle during generations.
C) is haploid among sexually reproducing forms and diploid if they reproduce asexually.
D) is doubled by fertilization and cut in half by meiosis.

A

D) is doubled by fertilization and cut in half by meiosis.

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10
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A) may exchange parts during meiosis.
B) are in pairs, one chromosome of each pair from the father and one from the mother.
C) pair up during meiosis.
D) all of these

A

D) all of these

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11
Q

What kind of chromosome do prokaryotes have?

A

Single loop chromosome

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12
Q

What kind of chromosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

multiple, linear chromosomes surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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14
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 homologous pairs and 1 pair of non-homologous (sex)

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15
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23 chromosomes, or 1 complete set

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16
Q

What does 2n signify?

A

diploid

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17
Q

What does n signify?

A

haploid

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18
Q

Are human chromosomes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Are human gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid - 1 set of chromosomes

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20
Q

What are genes?

A

segments of DNA that code for a specific protein or RNA molecule

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21
Q

What determines an organism’s traits?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hereditary genes and the environment

22
Q

What’s a genome?

Study These Flashcards
A

a cell’s complete complement of DNA

23
Q

What do genes determine on an individual?

Study These Flashcards
A

Characteristics

24
Q

What are the different forms of characteristics?

25
T/F: cell division is unregulated and occurs as needed by the cell
F: orderly sequence of events, precisely timed, and carefully regulated stages
26
2 major phases of the cell cycle:
interphase and mitotic phase
27
The cell grows and DNA is replicated in what phase?
Interphase
28
What happens during the mitotic phase?
replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and cell divides
29
Eukaryotes go through a long preparatory phase known as:
Interphase
30
What are the 3 phases of Interphase
G1, S, G2
31
T/F: the S phase involves cell growth and protein synthesis
F: cell growth and protein synthesis occur in G1
32
What occurs during each stage of interphase?
G1 - cell growth and protein synthesis S - DNA replication and replication of the centromere G2 - Further growth and protein synthesis
33
What is mitosis and what occurs?
nuclear cell division where duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei
34
In what phase is the cytoskeleton dismantled?
G2
35
What orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis?
Mitotic spindle
36
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
37
What are the 2 portions of the mitotic phase?
mitosis and cytokinesis
38
What is cytokinesis?
physical separation of cytoplasmic contents into two daughter cells
39
Describe what happens in prophase:
- chromosomes condense and become visible - spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes - nuclear envelope breaks down - centrosomes move towards opposite poles
40
Describe what happens in prometaphase:
- chromosomes continue to condense - kinetochores appear at centromeres - mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
41
Describe what happens in metaphase:
- chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate | - each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
42
Describe what happens in anaphase:
- centromeres split in two - sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled towards opposite poles - certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
43
Describe what happens in telophase:
- chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense - nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes - the mitotic spindle breaks down - spindle fibers continue to push poles apart
44
Describe what happens in cytokinesis:
Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells
45
How are daughter cells separated in cytokinesis?
Animal cells: actin ring Plant cells: cell plate formation
46
T/F: The cell cycle is regulated by internal controls.
True
47
What are the internal controls that monitor and regulate the cell cycle?
Checkpoints
48
How many major checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?
3
49
Where are checkpoints located during the cell cycle?
1st at the end of G1, 2nd during G2-M transition, 3rd during metaphase
50
When are cells in G0 phase?
when the cell is not actively dividing

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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