final U3

Question 1

Supply Chains

Answer 1

produce only the goods that sell, not what the manufacturer wants
-track consumer behavior with barcodes
-links manufacturers with discount retailers who now dictate the production of goods
-Shift from “push” to “pull” production. I.e. pull systems are based on what a customer orders

Question 2

“Just in Time Retailing”

Answer 2

a supply chain and inventory management strategy focused on meeting customer demand by receiving and selling goods precisely when needed

ability to track consumer trends instantly with barcodes,
product is not manufactured until there is consumer demand
workers have to keep up with intense deadlines due to lack of stockpiling

Question 3

Advantages and disadvantages of “Just in Time Retailing”

Answer 3

Advantages
Decreased inventory costs
Reduced markdowns

Disadvantages
examples – China Blue - they had to work 24 hours to meet a deadline

Question 4

Aid industry critiques

Answer 4

aid can foster dependency, hinder local economies, and perpetuate poverty.
can also promote harmful white saviour narrative – adding to white supremacist arrow of development

Question 5

The New Humanitarian Order (Mamdani)

Answer 5

a shift from a system of sovereign states to an international humanitarian order. creates a Perspective on aid that links to development.
does not acknowledge citizenship BUT turns citizens into wards (cuts ties with citizen’s rights & turns those receiving aid into charity)

Question 6

Good intentions (are not enough)

Answer 6

• Ivan Illich
• You will not help anybody by your good intentions.
• Opposes north American “do-gooders” in Latin America
• One may have good intention by engaging in international aid work BUT they are turning a blind eye to its harmful implications
  Sometimes the money people donate to Aid industries doesn’t actually go towards aid

Question 7

White Savior Industrial Complex

Answer 7

• Coined by Teju Cole
• describing the patronizing and often self-serving approach of individuals or organizations, typically from Western, predominantly white backgrounds, engaging in philanthropy or aid work in non-Western regions.
• the concept criticizes efforts that, intentionally or unintentionally, prioritize the savior’s perspective over the agency and dignity of the communities they aim to assist.
  It highlights how such endeavors can perpetuate stereotypes, reinforce power imbalances, and focus on personal validation over addressing systemic issues.

Question 8

Human Rights

Answer 8

The ongoing effort to establish a global human community based on universal but evolving standards of human decency, morality and dignity

Question 9

Generations of HR

Answer 9

First Generation (Civil and Political Rights):
- right to life, liberty, and security; freedom of speech, religion, and assembly; and the right to a fair trial.

Second Generation (Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights):
- right to work, education, healthcare, and social security.

Third Generation (Solidarity Rights or Collective Rights):
- right to development, a healthy environment, and peace.

Question 10

Critiques of HR

Answer 10

• Esteva & Prakash compare human rights to a trojan horse of recolonisation
• The very notion of right and law is a Western notion
• the enforcement of human rights is often selective and can be driven by political or economic motives rather than a genuine commitment to justice.
• The universalization of human rights is seen by some as reflecting Western values and norms. Critics argue that imposing these standards globally can be a form of cultural imperialism,
• Neocolonialism: The notion of human rights can be criticized as a tool used by powerful nations to maintain influence and control in regions that were once colonized

Question 11

advantages of aid industry

Answer 11

• the aid industry is vital for addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and humanitarian crises.
• positive impact of foreign aid - development projects, emergency relief, and infrastructure in impoverished regions, highlighting improvements in health, education, and living conditions.

Question 12

Human Rights - Universal vs Particular

Answer 12

Some argue that a balance must be struck between recognizing universal principles and respecting the diversity of cultural and social contexts.

Universal = inherent to all individuals. This perspective often underlies international human rights declarations and treaties.
Particular = rights that are context-specific or derived from particular cultural, religious, or regional values. In some cultures or regions, there might be particular emphasis on collective rights, cultural rights, or economic rights that align with specific local values and traditions.

Question 13

what is culture and why does it matter

Answer 13

1)a whole way of life–the
common meanings
2) the arts and learning–the
special processes of discovery
and creative effort

Question 14

why does culture matter

Answer 14

Generally - culture gives us Identity & Meaning, Way of Life, Political Culture:
Politics and Democracy

Debates in
Globalization
* Universalisms vs Cultural Difference

Question 15

what are the Debates in Globalization about culture

Answer 15

• Universalisms vs
  Cultural Difference
• Westernization vs
  Cosmopolitanism vs
  Fundamentalisms
• Development/
  Modernity vs
  Tradition/Difference

Question 16

Hybridity

Answer 16

fusion of two cultures, but not a cosmopolitan culture.

Question 17

Particularism

Answer 17

despite globalization as a process, resurgence of localist or particular identities (recognizing the unique aspects of cultural identities). Some of which are fundamentalist and some of which are not. Some argue that with the rise of globalization, particularism arises as well. → Example is Trinket and Beads, where some tribes were against the oil b/c they wanted to stay within their culture, and others were for the oil company.

Question 18

cosmopolitanism

Answer 18

emphasizes the idea of shared humanity and interconnectedness across cultures. promotes an inclusive and open-minded approach to cultural differences, advocating for a global community where individuals recognize and appreciate diverse identities and perspectives.

Question 19

Ethnocentrism

Answer 19

judging another culture solely based on the values of one’s own culture as opposed to cultural relativism

Question 20

Unmarked culture= Universalized culture

Answer 20

the dominant or mainstream cultural norms, values, and practices in a society that are considered the default or normative
Things you don’t consider culture
That which we believe to be universal.
To note that there are certain position, that don’t recognize that they are a particular position.

Question 21

Cultural relativism

Answer 21

the perspective that cultural beliefs, practices, and values should be understood and judged within the context of their own culture, without imposing external standards or ethnocentric judgments

Question 22

Political globalization

Answer 22

the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe…”
-led to the partial permeation of old territorial borders, in the process also softening hard conceptual boundaries and cultural lines of demarcation

Question 23

Political culture

Answer 23

the particular social construction in
every society of what counts as ‘political.’ Political
culture is the domain of practices and institutions, carved
out of the totality of social reality, that historically comes
to be considered as properly political (in the same way as
other domains are seen as properly ‘economic,’ ‘cultural,’
and ‘social’). The dominant political culture of the West
has been characterized as ‘rationalist,’ universalist and
individualist.

Zapatismo: communal, non-universalist/local

Question 24

Globalization from Below

Answer 24

Think of Shiva: this has to do with the idea that climate change and other social and political problems can be helped and changed by initiating cultural changes at the local level, rather than trying to implement policy and government changes first hoping that they will trickle down. (autopoetic approach)

Question 25

Illiberal Democracy

Answer 25

Democratic leaders use their fair election as a justification for expansion of powers and undermining existing political practices

Question 26

Constitutional liberalism.

Answer 26

upholds classical liberalism and advocates for individual liberty and inalienable rights. Wants limits of power. Focused on the goals of the government. Rule of law is a part of this, nobody is exempt from the law.

Question 27

Radical democracy

Answer 27

political theory emphasizing participatory, inclusive, and transformative approaches to democracy that seek to address systemic inequalities and empower marginalized voices

Question 28

The Zapatista Movement

Answer 28

Reinventing revolution: not violent
b. Autonomy: creating their own communities and alternate form of government
c. Radical democracy:, Caracoles
→ Alter globalization
d. One world where many worlds fit: They are advocating for the idea that globalization can mean many things and different kinds work for different places, rather than a one-size-fits-all policy.

Question 29

Cultural Globalization

Answer 29

the production and exchange of meanings
Same culture = similar interpretation of the world and similar expressions of self and ideas
Culture determines the ways in which we interpret the world and can be at the foundation of ideological conflict. It is especially important to consider when paradigm wars, or conflicts between different ways of life and ideologies, result in international or civil conflicts

Question 30

Paradigm Wars

Answer 30

Have to deal with the conflicts between indigenous populations and capitalism (the culture of capitalism). Companies come in and infringe on native lands and rights causing conflict and more often than not, destruction to the indigenous people, environment and culture.

Question 31

paradigm shift

Answer 31

A paradigm shift is the totally new perspective needed at turning points in history when a prevailing concept
fails to explain recurring
phenomena.

Question 32

Prison Industrial Complex

Answer 32

the intersecting interests and relationships between government and industry that contribute to the growth and maintenance of the prison system, often criticized for prioritizing profit over rehabilitation and justice.

Question 33

public health

Answer 33

Public health refers to all organized measures
(whether public or private) to prevent disease,
promote health, and prolong life among the
population as a whole. Its activities aim to
provide conditions in which people can be
healthy and focus on entire populations, not on
individual patients or diseases. Thus, public
health is concerned with the total system and
not only the eradication of a particular disease

Question 34

pathogen approach to public health

Answer 34

focuses on treating specific disease-causing agents with biomedical interventions (Tends to offer short-term solutions without addressing underlying systemic issues)

Question 35

systemic approach to public health

Answer 35

Systemic approach considers broader social, economic, and environmental factors