Final (Vocab)

Question 1

each smaller unit in a sub-unit (Like one pearl of a necklace)

Answer 1

monomer

Question 2

linked monomers (necklace)

Answer 2

polymer

Question 3

large bio-molecules that are critically important to all living things

Answer 3

macromolecules

Question 4

a process that joins monomers together by removing a water molecule

Answer 4

dehydration synthesis

Question 5

a process that breaks a polymer down by adding a molecule of water

Answer 5

hydrolysis

Question 6

a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 6

carbohydrates

Question 7

a nonpolar fat molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol

Answer 7

lipids

Question 8

hydrocarbon chain often often bonded to glycerol in a lipid

Answer 8

fatty acids

Question 9

every place that a hydrogen atom can bond to a carbon atom is filled with a hydrogen atom; all carbon-carbon are single bonds

Answer 9

saturated fats

Question 10

have fewer hydrogen atoms; there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Answer 10

unsaturated fats

Question 11

an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Answer 11

protein

Question 12

a compound class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group that combine and form proteins; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Answer 12

amino acids

Question 13

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Answer 13

covalent bond

Question 14

the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule

Answer 14

hydrogen bond

Question 15

an organic compound, either DNA or RNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

Answer 15

nucleic acids

Question 16

process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

Answer 16

chemical reactions

Question 17

the substances changed during a chemical reaction

Answer 17

reactcants

Question 18

the substances made by a chemical reaction

Answer 18

products

Question 19

amount of energy needed to break a bond; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms

Answer 19

bond energy

Question 20

a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space; when reactants and products are being made at the same rate

Answer 20

equillibrium

Question 21

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

Answer 21

activation energy

Question 22

chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (cellular respiration)

Answer 22

exothermic

Question 23

absorbs more energy than it releases (photosynthesis)

Answer 23

endothermic

Question 24

theory that states:
-all living things are made up of cells
-all existing cells are produced by other living cells
-the cell is the most basic unit of life

Answer 24

cell theory

Question 25

jelly-like substance within the membrane that includes the fluid, cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus

Answer 25

cytoplasm

Question 26

one of the small bodies found in the cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function

Answer 26

organelles

Question 27

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 27

prokaryotic cells

Question 28

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 28

eukaryotic cells

Question 29

the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division

Answer 29

cytoskeleton

Question 30

a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and stores genetic information

Answer 30

nucleus

Question 31

a dense region where tiny organelles essential for making proteins are assembled

Answer 31

nucleolus

Question 32

an interconnected network of inter-folded membranes that assist in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and the production of lipids

Answer 32

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 33

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis

Answer 33

ribosome

Question 34

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

Answer 34

golgi apparatus

Question 35

a small cavity or sac that contains materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transports these materials from place to place within the cell

Answer 35

vesicle

Question 36

supply energy to the cell

Answer 36

mitochondria

Question 37

organelle that is used to store materials that are needed by the cell

Answer 37

vacuole

Question 38

organelle that contains enzymes

Answer 38

lysosomes

Question 39

small cylinder shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis

Answer 39

centriole

Question 40

rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to a plant cell

Answer 40

cell wall

Question 41

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Answer 41

chloroplast

Question 42

the life cycle of a cell; consist of a cell-growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell-division period in which mitosis takes place

Answer 42

cell cycle

Question 43

a process of cell division that forms two nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

Answer 43

mitosis

Question 44

the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis

Answer 44

cytokensis

Question 45

one of the structures in the nucleus made up of a long continuous thread of DNA that consists of genes along with regulatory information

Answer 45

chromosome

Question 46

a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells; a group of proteins

Answer 46

histones

Question 47

the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; consists of specific proteins DNA and small amounts of RNA

Answer 47

chromatin

Question 48

one of the strands of chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis; 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome

Answer 48

chromatid

Question 49

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

Answer 49

centromere

Question 50

the region at the tip of a chromosome; forms one of the end points of the DNA segment that makes up a chromosome

Answer 50

telomere

Question 51

first phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, and the centromeres and centriols migrate to opposite sides of the cell

Answer 51

prophase

Question 52

second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator

Answer 52

metaphase

Question 53

third phase of mitosis where chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

Answer 53

anaphase

Question 54

last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble

Answer 54

telophase

Question 55

broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division

Answer 55

growth factors

Question 56

an enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule

Answer 56

kinase

Question 57

a group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain parts in the cell cycle

Answer 57

cyclins

Question 58

programmed cell death

Answer 58

apoptosis

Question 59

a type of disorder of cell growth that results in an invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells

Answer 59

cancer

Question 60

having no dangerous effects on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous; cancerous cells that remain clustered together

Answer 60

bengin

Question 61

cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism's health

Answer 61

malignant

Question 62

to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the sit of the disease to other parts of the body

Answer 62

metastasize

Question 63

carcinogen substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer

Answer 63

carcinogens

Question 64

an organic compound that consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; the basic building block of a nucleic-acid chain and small monomers that make up DNA

Answer 64

nucleotides

Question 65

the spiral staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule

Answer 65

double helix

Question 66

rules stating that in DNA cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine and that in RNA cytosine pairs guanine and adenine pairs with uracil

Answer 66

base pairing rules

Question 67

process by which DNA is copied

Answer 67

replication

Question 68

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

Answer 68

DNA polymerase

Question 69

theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

Answer 69

central dogma

Question 70

the enzyme will not be able to attach to its substrate any more

Answer 70

denature

Question 71

the area of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Answer 71

active site

Question 72

ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

Answer 72

RNA

Question 73

What is the sugar the forms the backbone of an RNA molecule?

Answer 73

ribose

Question 74

the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template the process of copying a DNA sequence to produce a complementary strand of RNA

Answer 74

transcription

Question 75

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

Answer 75

RNA polymerase

Question 76

form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis

Answer 76

mRNA

Question 77

RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein

Answer 77

rRNA

Question 78

form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Answer 78

tRNA

Question 79

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Answer 79

translation

Question 80

a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

Answer 80

codon

Question 81

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

Answer 81

stop codon

Question 82

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Answer 82

start codon

Question 83

a region of tRNA molecule that consists of a sequence of three bases that is complementary to an mRNA codon

Answer 83

anticodon

Question 84

an individual who has one copy a recessive autosomal allele that causes disease in the homozygous condition

Answer 84

carrier

Question 85

gene that is located on the sex chromosome

Answer 85

sex-linked genes

Question 86

process that occurs in female mammals in which one of the X chromosomes is randomly turned off in each cell

Answer 86

X chromosome inactivation

Question 87

a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to fully express itself

Answer 87

incomplete dominance

Question 88

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

Answer 88

codominance

Question 89

trait that is produced by two or more genes

Answer 89

polygenic

Question 90

can interfere with the expression of other genes

Answer 90

epistatic

Question 91

cells that make up all of the body's tissues and organs, except gametes

Answer 91

somatic cells

Question 92

a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote; female sex cells

Answer 92

gametes

Question 93

describes a character that is shared by a group of species because it is inherited from a common ancestor; having the same structure

Answer 93

Homologous chromosomes

Question 94

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Answer 94

autosome

Question 95

one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

Answer 95

sex chromosomes

Question 96

reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite

Answer 96

sexual reproduction

Question 97

the union of a male and female gamete to form a zygote

Answer 97

fertilization

Question 99

a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells

Answer 99

meiosis

Question 99

describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes

Answer 99

haploid

Question 99

a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

Answer 99

diploid

Question 100

the most basic unit of heredity

Answer 100

gene

Question 101

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic

Answer 101

allele

Question 102

the complete genetic material contained in an individual or species

Answer 102

genome

Question 103

the entire genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of genes for one or more specific traits

Answer 103

genotype

Question 104

an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristics that result from the organism's genotype and environment

Answer 104

phenotype

Question 105

a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross

Answer 105

punnet square

Question 106

a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

Answer 106

pedigree

Question 107

image of all the chromosomes in a cell

Answer 107

karyotype

Question 108

a change in the structure or amount of the genetic material in an organism

Answer 108

mutation

Question 109

a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed

Answer 109

point mutation

Question 110

a mutation, such as insertion or deletion, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of the change in the reading frame

Answer 110

frameshift mutation

Question 111

agent that can introduce or increase the frequency of mutation in organisms

Answer 111

mutagens

Question 112

ecological footprint

Answer 112

amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough water, food, shelter, energy, and waste