Final Vocab Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
conduction system
A
coordinates the contractions of the atria and ventricles
2
Q
myocardium
A
muscular tissue of the heart
3
Q
ischemia
A
insufficient blood supply
4
Q
autothythmicity
A
property of conduction tissue that enables the heart to initiate its own electrical stimulation
5
Q
pulmonary edema
A
when fluid accumulates in the blood
6
Q
arteriosclerosis
A
aging disease where there is a hardening and narrowing of the arteries
7
Q
atheriosclerosis
A
type of arteriosclerosis where fatty deposits accumulate within the walls of the arteries
8
Q
angina pectoris
A
clinical condition characterized by chest pain caused by insufficient coronary blood flow
9
Q
myocardial infarction
A
occurs when an area of heart muscle is deprived of blood flow
10
Q
congestion
A
the accumulation of blood in the heart, lungs and tissues
11
Q
chronic heart failure (CHF)
A
a failure or the heart to adequately pump enough blood to supply the tissues and organs with oxygen and other nutrients
12
Q
preload
A
the amount of blood returning to the heart
13
Q
afterload
A
the force of ventricular contraction that the heart must generate in order to overcome vascular resistance and eject blood out of the left ventricle
14
Q
thiazide diuretics
A
block the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules of the kidney nephrons
15
Q
loop diuretics
A
organic acids; site of action is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney nephrons; most potent
16
Q
aldosterone antagonists
A
weak diuretics that act on the collecting ducts of the nephron
17
Q
bradykinin
A
endogenous vasodilator
18
Q
anuria
A
kidneys have stopped making urine
19
Q
edema
A
accumulation of fluid in other tissues
20
Q
nephritis
A
infection or inflammation in the renal tissues, which reduces renal function
21
Q
oliguria
A
decreased urine volume
22
Q
uremia
A
an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to impaired renal filtration
23
Q
antidiuretic hormone
A
substance that regulates water balance in the body by controlling water loss in the urine
24
Q
vaptans
A
drugs that remove water through interactions with vasopressin (ADH) receptors
25
conivaptan
ADH receptor antagonist that conserves sodium and water
26
hypertension
blood pressure (BP) in the arterial system is abnormally high
27
secondary hypertension
hypertension with an unknown cause
28
renin inhibitors
drugs that reduce the activity of angiotensin II and RAA activation
29
ACE inhibitors
block the enzymatic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, decrease the release of aldosterone and ADH; can cause hypotension and tachycardia
30
ARBs
block the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin-1 receptor
31
malignant hypertension
BP is extremely high and there is vascular inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels
32
thromboembolism
clots that become jammed in blood vessels
33
coagulation
process of normal blood clot formation
34
hemostasis
the balance between clot formation and clot breakdown that occurs throughout the day
35
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of the walls of the veins
36
fibrinolytic drugs
dissolve preformed blood clots
37
hypolipidemic/antilipemic drugs
drugs that lower fats
38
plaque
accumulated fat
39
stable plaque
has a cholesterol core with a fibrous cap and may contain calcium that hardens as it builds up within the cell
40
unstable plaque
has a cholesterol core but is more dangerous because it had a thin cap that can erode, rupture, and break away; this can form a clot
41
coronary artery disease (CAD)
narrowing of small arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
42
transient ischemic attach
a brief interruption of blood flow to the brain
43
aneurysm
abnormal widening of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
44
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
obstruction of blood flow in the large arteries of the arms and legs
45
low-density lipoprotein
“bad cholesterol;” formed from apoprotein B-100 and cholesterol
46
very-low-density lipoprotein
precursor to LDL
47
high-density lipoprotein
good cholesterol
48
triglycerides
main form of fat from diet; provide your body with energy
49
chylomicrons
very large lipoproteins produced by the intestine to transport dietary cholesterol and triglycerides
50
primary hyperlipidemias
significant elevations in lipid levels that occur as a result of genetic disorders
51
secondary hyperlipidemias
significant elevations in lipid levels that occur as a result of diet, drugs or disease
52
bile acid sequestrants
break down fats ingested in the diet into absorbable forms
53
HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitors
treatment of primary hyperlipidemias and to slow the progression of atherosclerosis
54
rhabdomyolysis
the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscles due to muscle injury
55
antigens
substances such as pollen, mold, dust, and insect venom that stimulate the production of antibodies in the blood and tissue
56
type I/acture hypersensitivity
symptoms of allergy reaction because the response is immediate
57
antihistamines
drugs that block any histamine receptors and stop histamine’s responses; sedation and zerostomia
58
antiallergic agents/mast cell stabilizers
drugs that prevent mast cells from releasing histamine
59
xerostomia
dry mouth
60
excematoid dermatitis
lesions on the skin ooze and develop scaly crusts
61
prophylactic drugs
drugs which prevent the onset of symptoms or disease as a result of exposure before the reactive process can take place
62
conjunctivitis
an inflammation of the thin, clear, outermost membrane that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid
63
COPD
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
64
chromic bronchitis
chronic irritation of the respiratory tract
65
emphysema
inflammation and destruction of the alveoli
66
asthma
respiratory condition with bronchoconstriction, shortness of breath, and wheezing
67
allergic asthma
develop antibodies to the foreign protein (antigen) that is the cause of the allergy
68
cyclooxygenase
an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into several different prostaglandins
69
lipoxygenase
enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into the leukotrienes
70
leukotrienes
potent bronchoconstrictors with long durations of action
71
sympathomimetic bronchodilators
stimulate beta2 adrenergic receptors
72
anticholinergic bronchodilators
block cholinergic/muscarinic receptors
73
nonselective beta adrenergic drugs
increase the formation of intracellular cAMP
74
corticosteroids
derivatives of the steroid hormone cortisol, which is normally released from the adrenal cortex
75
mucolytics
chemical agents that liquefy bronchial mucus
76
expectorants
drugs that facilitate the removal of thickened mucus secretions from the lungs
77
oxyntic cells
parietal cells in the stomach responsible for the secretion of gastric acid (HCI)
78
enterochromaffin-life cells (ECL)
cells that synthesize and release histamine
79
gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic disease characterized by heartburn
80
anti secretory drugs
drugs that reduce the volume and concentration of gastric acid
81
antacids
drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCL) secreted by the stomach
82
pro kinetic drug
increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and stimulates motility in the upper GI tract
83
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
presence of gastrin-containing tumors and ulceration of the GI tract
84
proton pump inhibitors (PPRs)
drugs that directly inhibit the secretory system that releases HCL
85
prostaglandins
lipids made from fatty acids
86
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary, repetitive movements of the extremities, lip smacking, grimacing, tongue protrusion, REM, puckering, pursing of lips, impaired movement of the finger
87
emesis
vomiting
88
difenoxen
mu receptor agonist that stimulates mu receptors in the myenteric plexus to decrease peristalsis and constrict sphincters
89
endocrine system
ductless glands throughout the body regulate activity by releasing hormones into the bloodstream to affect a target organ
90
lipid-soluble hormones
able to diffuse through the target cell’s plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the nucleus of the cell
91
water-soluble hormones
cannot diffuse through the cell membrane so they bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and produce their effects by activating second messengers
92
second messenger
a chemical that is able to carry out the intended action of the hormone inside the cell
93
dwarfism
ack of growth hormone somatotropin
94
cretinism
lack of thyroid hormone in infancy
95
pituitary gland
master gland of the endocrine system
96
tropic hormones
hormones of the anterior lobe
97
growth hormone (GH)
stimulates growth and repair in all tissues but especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle and fat
98
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyroid growth and stimulates production and release of thyroxine in thyroid gland
99
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates production and secretion of cortisol in adrenal cortex
100
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates development of sperm and ova in gonads
101
luteinizing hormone
controls production of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone in gonads
102
prolactin
milk production and testosterone secretion in mammary glands
103
oxytocin
labor contractions, milk release, ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection and mother-infant bonding in uterus and mammary glands
104
acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH in adults, which results in thickening of the bones and soft tissues with especially noticeable effects on the hands, feet, and face
105
somatostatin
an inhibitory hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stomach, intestine and pancreas
106
Addison's disease
a deficiency in glucocorticoid and sometimes aldosterone production
107
Cushing's disease
excess glucocorticoid production
108
replacement therapy
administration of naturally occurring substance that the body is not able to produce
109
glucocorticoids
regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats particularly during stress
110
gluconeogenesis
the process of making ‘new’ glucose in the liver, where AAs or glycerol are converted into glucose
111
catabolism
the breakdown of proteins into AAs
112
mineralocorticoid activity
the ability to cause the retention of sodium by the kidneys
113
angiotensin II
potent peptide that constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure, and is a strong stimulator of aldosterone secretion
114
hypoaldosteronism
deficiency of mineralocorticoids
115
fludrocortisone
synthetic adrenocorticosteroid
116
pluripotent
hormones have a significant role in the physiology and metabolism of target tissues in addition to those associated with reproduction
117
menarche
first mensturation
118
human chorionic gonadotropin
glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy to maintain progesterone production
119
progesterone
the natural hormone made within the ovary after ovulation and in the corpus luteum when present
120
menopause
complete cessation of a menstrual period for 12 months + circulating estrogen level less than 50 pg/ml and FSH blood level greater than 50 IU/ml
121
dyspareunia
difficult or painful sexual intercourse
122
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density
123
amenorrhea
no menstruation
124
dysmenorrhea
painful or difficult menstruation
125
fertility drugs
drugs that bring about ovulation
126
spermatogonia
germ cells that migrate to the testes
127
androgen
testosterone hormone
128
impotence
the inability to perform sexual function often associated in men as erectile dysfunction or inability to achieve an erection
129
beta-blockers
decrease the rate at which the heart beats and reduces the force of the contractions of the heart
130
calcium channel blockers
reduce myocardial contractility
131
most common route of admin of nitrates during attacks of angina
sublingual
132
patients taking thiazide diuretics may experience
orthostatic hypotension
133
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thiazide diuretics cause an increase in excretion of Na and H20, reducing blood and cardiac output
134
NSAIDs
promote formation of ulcers
135
sulfonamides
competitive antagonists of paraaminobenzoic acid
136
amantadine
inhibits the release of viral dna into host cells
