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Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Major organs of the digestive system

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small + large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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3
Q

Smooth muscle have _ myofibrils or sarcomeres, _ striations, giving a tissue a smooth appearance

A

Smooth muscle have NO myofibrils or sarcomeres, NO striations, giving a tissue a smooth appearance

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4
Q

3 mechanisms regulating and controlling digestive system

A
  1. local (buffer, enzymes, acids)
  2. neural (stretch receptors)
  3. hormonal (hormones released)
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5
Q

Major function of pharynx

A

propulsion of food into the esophagus

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6
Q

Major functions of stomach

A

chemical breakdown, mechanical processing

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7
Q

major function of small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion, absorption

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8
Q

Major function of large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction

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9
Q

6 functions of digestive tract

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mechanical processing
  3. digestion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. compaction
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10
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

fundus, cardia, body and pylorus.

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11
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A

storage, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown and intrinsic factor (B12)

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12
Q

__ % of nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine, most of remaining __% occurs in large intestine

A

90 % of nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine, most of remaining 10% occurs in large intestine

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13
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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14
Q

Major function of duodenum

A

neutralize acidic chyme

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15
Q

Major function of jejunum

A

majority of digestion and absorption

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16
Q

5 major hormones regulating digestive activities

A
  1. gastrin
  2. GIP
  3. Secretin
  4. CCK
  5. VIP
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17
Q

3 major functions of large intestine

A
  1. H2O reabsorption
  2. Vitamin absorption
  3. storing fecal matter
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18
Q

3 segment of large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
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19
Q

4 regions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid.

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20
Q

Absorption in the large intestine

A
  1. < 10 % of nutrients
  2. Vit K, B5, biotin produced by healthy bacteria
  3. H2O reabsorption
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21
Q

Functions of salivary glands

A

saliva production (mucins, enzymes)

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22
Q

Function of pancreas

A

exocrine glands - buffers and enzymes

endocrine - hormones

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23
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Bile storage/secretion

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24
Q

Major functions of liver

A

bile and iron storage, toxins removal, fat-soluble vitamins, plasma proteins, clotting factor

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25
___ is the largest visceral organ
Liver
26
The basic functional units of the liver are ___ which are ___ shape in cross section
The basic functional units of the liver are lobules which are hexagonal shape in cross section
27
___ break apart lipid droplets by emulsification
BILE SALTS break apart lipid droplets by emulsification
28
4 major pancreatic enzymes and their corresponding functions
alpha-amylase - carbs lipase - lipids nucleases - RNA, DNA proteolytic enzymes - proteins
29
Cirrhosis
hepatitis with liver cells degeneration, formation of scar tissue
30
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon (often with diarrhea or constipation)
31
Major components of urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
32
Major functions of urinary system
``` Blood volume and blood pressure control Blood plasma - concentration of sodium, potassium, etc Blood pH Conserving nutrients Removing drugs/toxins from blood ```
33
Major structural landmarks of the kidney
``` Fibrous capsule (outer and inner) Renal cortex Medulla Pyramid Column Kidney lobe ```
34
Microscopic functional unit of kidney
Nephron
35
2 types of nephron
cortical (mostly) | juxtamedullary
36
2 components of a nephron
Renal corpuscle + renal tubule
37
Protein-free solution similar to blood plasma
Filtrate
38
Solutes, metabolic wastes secreted by urinary system
urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, K
39
3 processes involved in kidney function
filtration reabsorption secretion
40
Filtration only occurs in ____
Renal corpuscle
41
____% of the organic substrates are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
99% of the organic substrates are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
42
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
amount of filtrate produced by kidney EACH MINUTE (125 ml/min)
43
2 interacting levels of control to help stabilize GFR
1. autoregulation - local level | 2. central regulation - endo + neural (hormones + cns)
44
Countercurrent multiplication
Exchange between thin descending limb and thick ascending limb Creates concentration gradient in renal medulla Enables production of highly concentrated urine
45
Part of nephron impermeable by water
Thick ascending loop
46
Water regulation and urine volume
amount of H2O reabsorbed affects urine volume and osmotic regulation
47
Water regulation mechanisms in nephron
Obligatory - PCT (proximal) - 85% | Facultative - DCT (distal) - 15%
48
Urine volume and ADH
ADH = water reabsorption. Without ADH more urine produced.
49
Filtrate by renal corpuscle has the same composition as plasma, except for...
plasma proteins
50
Dialysis
Passive diffusion of blood across a selectively permeable artificial membrane
51
Dialysis ___ renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure; ___is the only real cure for severe renal failure.
Dialysis RELIEVES renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure; KIDNEY TRANSPLANT is the only real cure for severe renal failure.
52
2 hormones released by the endocrine cells in the kidney, and their function
1. EPO (RBC production, blood volume) | 2. Renin (activates RAAS, higher fluid intake)
53
Functions of angiotensin
vasoconstriction, elevates blood pressure
54
Functions of aldosterone
Reabsorption of Na, excretion of K, affecting blood pressure and blood volume
55
urinary tract can be visualized using a ___, a X-ray image after radiopaque dye administered
pyelogram
56
Urine is transported by ____, stored at ___, eliminated through ___.
Ureters Bladder Urethra
57
Micturition reflex
coordinates process of urination through both - local and central reflex pathways
58
polyuria
too much urine produced
59
oliguria
too little urine produced
60
anuria
No urine produced
61
disuria
inability to eliminate urine (e.g. due to prostate enlargement)
62
What are electrolytes
Inorganic salts (Na, K, Cl) all acids and bases some proteins
63
What is osmotic power
Salinity gradient power
64
Greater osmotic power = ____ power to move fluids
GREATER
65
Chief cation and anion in extracellular fluid
Cation - Na | Anion - Cl
66
Chief cation and anion in intracellular fluid
Cation - K | Anion - P (phosphate)
67
Dehydration
Water imbalance, intake is less then output decrease of plasma volume increase of plasma osmolarity stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus
68
primary hormone in sodium balance regulation
ADH
69
hypo/hiper natremia
low/high concentration of Na in ECF
70
Aldosterone regulates sodium balance by __
stimulating Na reabsorption and K secretion
71
Lower or higher than normal K levels are called ___
hypo- and hyperkalemia
72
3 classes of acids that threaten pH balance
1. Fixed 2. Organic 3. Volatile
73
Normal pH of ECF (extracellular fluid)
same as blood - 7.35-7.45
74
Acidic pH
below 7
75
basic (alkaline pH)
above 7
76
ECF acidemia
Acidosis, pH below 7.35
77
ECF alkalemia
Alkalosis, pH above 7.45,
78
Three major body buffer systems
1. Phosphate buff.system 2. Protein buff.system 3. Carbonic acid bicarbonate buff.system
79
Ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are ___
kidneys
80
Organs that eliminate acids from the body
Lungs and kidneys
81
single most important indicator of respiratory inadequacy
pCO2 (partial CO2)
82
Most common cause of acid-base imbalance, blood pCO2 is increased
respiratory acidosis
83
Second most common cause of acid/base imbalance; pH is low, bicarbonate ion levels below normal in blood
metabolic acidosis
84
Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate ____
metabolic alkalosis

A&P Finals (1 decks)

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