Finals Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
He uncovered the basic mechanism of inheritance with his experimental research on garden peas
A
Gregor Mendel
2
Q
He champion the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his finding in his exploration of the galapagos island
A
Charles Darwin
3
Q
It is a process that changes populations of organisms over time
A
Evolution
4
Q
It is an evolutionary process that changes the anatomy, physiology, or behavior of an organism and results in an improve ability of members of the population
A
Adaptation
5
Q
It is the variation among individuals in form and function because of environmental influences
A
Phenotypic plasticity
6
Q
It is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
A
Genetic drift
7
Q
It consists of all the factors necessary for the existence of a species
A
Niche
8
Q
Example of disruptive selection
A
Beak size in Darwin’s finches
9
Q
Example exhibits stabilizing selection
A
Egg size among Ural owls
10
Q
Example of directional selection
A
Soapberry bugs to new host plants
11
Q
How are individuals in a large-scale population distributed?
A
Clumped
12
Q
What is true about the relationship of population density and organism size
A
Population density declines as organism size increases
13
Q
Factors that add individuals to a population
A
Birth and immigration
14
Q
Factors that remove individuals from population
A
Death and emigration
15
Q
This area of population ecology is concerned with the factors influencing the expansion, decline, or maintenance of population
A
Population dynamics
16
Q
It is an important aspect of population dynamics as it can decrease or increase local population densities
A
Dispersal
17
Q
These are changes in the density of predator populations as response to increased prey density
A
Numerical response
18
Q
It is a part of a larger population with which it sustains a limited exchange of individuals through immigration and emigration
A
Subpopulation
19
Q
It is a bookkeeping device that biologists use to list both survivorship and deaths in population
A
Life table
20
Q
It consists of the proportion of individuals of different ages within a population
A
Age distribution
21
Q
It is defined as a group born during the same time period
A
Cohort
22
Q
It is the tabulation of birth rates or for females of different ages in a population
A
Fecundity schedule
23
Q
This type of survivorship is present when juvenile survival is high and most mortality occur among older individuals of the population
A
Type I
24
Q
This type of survivorship is present when individuals in a population died at equal rates regardless of age
A
Type II
25
This type of survivorship is present when individuals of a population died at a high rate as juvenile and then at much lower rates later in life
Type III
26
Growth by any population with pulsed reproduction can be modeled as _______, in which successive generations differ in size by a constant ratio
Geometric population growth
27
The newest population growth in an unlimited environment of populations with non pulse reproduction can be modeled with _________.
Exponential population growth
28
The population size at which growth stops is called _______, which is the number of individuals of a particular population that the environment can support
Carrying capacity
29
Density-dependent factors
Competition and Pathogens
30
Density-independent factors
Humidity and Flashflood
31
What distribution pattern can be observed in human population?
Clumped
32
Which country has the highest number of human inhabitants?
Asia (China)
33
Makes up the life history of an organism
Survival
Number of offsprings
Size at reproductive maturity
Age at reproductive maturity
34
It is the allocation of energy, time, and other resources to the production and care of offsprings
Reproductive effort
35
What is true about K selection
Large and slow
36
What is true about r selection
Small and fast
37
What type of competition is exhibited when grasses like Sorghasum nutans at high density populations compete for nitrogen?
Intraspecific competition
38
What type of competition is exhibited when Chthamalus stellatus is excluded from the middle intertidal zone by the presence of Balanus balanoides?
Interspecific competition
39
This type of competition involves direct interaction between individuals
Interference competition
40
What is true about self-thinning in plants?
As biomass increases, density decreases
41
During what stage of the Adelina triboli does it initially infect the Tribolium beetles
Oocyst
42
This model of the prey-predator relationship states that the functional response is determined by the abundance of the prey
Prey-dependent functional response
43
This model of prey-predator relationship states that the rate of prey consumption is determined by the ratio of prey numbers to predator numbers
Ratio-dependent functional response
44
Mycorrhizae helps plant increase its access to which nutrients
Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, and Nitrogen
45
Part of the acacia plant contain the highest amount of chemical repellent
New flowers
46
Organisms with no mutualistic relationship with corals
Crown-of-thorns
47
A niche defined as the physical conditions under which species might live in the absence of interactions with other species
Fundamental Niche
48
The actual niche of the species whose distribution is limited by biotic interactions such as competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.
Realized Niche
49
A condition where there is a limited supply of resource
Resource limitation
50
Competition involving the use of limited resource or resource competition
Exploitative competition
51
A principle that states the two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely
Competitive exclusion principle
52
Two species differ more from each other in geographic areas where they occur together
Character displacement
53
This interaction enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual
Exploitative interaction
54
They consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants
Herbivores
55
Kill and consume other organisms
Predators
56
They live on the tissues of their host of inducing the fitness of the host but do not generally killing it
Parasites
57
An insect larvae consumes its host and kills it in the process
Parasitoid
58
They induce disease and debilitating condition in their host
Pathogens
59
Uninfected amphipods avoid the light, it shows?
Negative phototaxis
60
Infected amphipods swim toward light, -- that shows?
Positive phototaxis
61
Growing tall quickly is a process of
Bolting
62
Situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites
Refuges
63
Takes place when prey can reduce the individual probability of being eaten by occuring at very high densities
Predatory satiation
64
Results in increasing rate of food intake as prey density increases
Predator functional response
65
Results in increased predator density as prey density increases
Numerical response
66
Behavioral effects of predators on prey population, this can be a result of prey avoiding high-risk situation
"The ecology of fear"
67
Interactions between individuals of different species that benefits both partners
Mutualism
68
An interaction between two species benefits one of them, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed
Commensalism
69
Some species can live without their mutualistic partners
Facultative mutualism
70
Species that are so dependent upon the mutualistic relationship that they cannot live in its absence
Obligate mutualism
71
Examples of plant mutualism
Nitrogen fixation
Nutrient absorption
Pollination
Seed dispersal
72
A fungi that provide plants with greater access to inorganic nutrients while feeding off the root exudates of plants
Mycorrhizae
73
Common types of mycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)
74
Leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources
Beltian bodies
75
Growth in which all cell constituents such as nitrogen, carbon, and dna increase at the same rate
Balanced growth
76
Give and receive measurable benefits to another organism
Successful mutualists
77
Give benefits to another organism but for some reason do not receive any benefit in return
Unsuccessful mutualists
78
Neither giving nor receiving benefit from a mutualistic partner
Nonmutualists
79
It is consist of observable characteristics of an organism, which result from interactions between the genetic make up of the individual and it's environment.
Phenotype
80
A plant that is used in common garden experiment
Potentilla glandulosa
81
A locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species
Ecotypes
82
True or false
Natural selection does not take the same form everywhere and at all times
True
83
True or false
Less offspring is produced each generation that can be supported by the environment
False - More
84
It tend to impede or stop changes in population
Stabilizing selection
85
Favors extreme phenotypes over other phenotypes
Directional selection
86
Favors two or more extreme phenotypes over the average phenotypes
Disruptive selection
87
The proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait, such as body size or pigmentation, that is attributed to genetic variance
Heritability of a trait
88
True or false
Heritability increases with increased Genetic variation and decreases with increased Environmental variance
True
89
Scientific name of Ural owls
Strix uralensis
90
Common name for Geospiza fortis
Medium ground Finch
91
What are the two main types of Genetic variation?
Bottleneck event - population have narrowed down
Founding event - some species is isolated from the population
92
This principle predicts that small population sizes will be more subject to genetic drift, which can result in a loss of genetic variation.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
93
In 1997, he compared the genetic diversity of Island and Mainland population of both animals and plants
Richard Frankham
94
Mating between close relatives
Inbreeding
95
True or false
Population with the lowest levels of inbreeding (lowest heterozygosity) had the highest probabilities of extinction
False- highest levels of inbreeding
96
This refers to selective breeding technique used to develop or maintain desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals
Artificial selection
97
The world's widely used herbicide, commonly sold under the trade name of Roundup®
Glyphosate
98
A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area
Population
99
He developed a concept of niche and centered around the influences of physical environment
Joseph Grinnell
100
He developed a concept of niche and focuses on biological interactions as well as abiotic factors
Charles Elton
101
Two species of barnacles that is used in studying their distribution
Chthamalus stellatus
Balanus balanoides
102
Distribution of Creosote bush can be
Clumped - Random - Regular
103
True or false
Population density declines with increasing organism size
True
104
It is a process where as the organism grows, density declines progressively until the mature organisms live at low densities
Self-thinning
105
A group of subpopulations living on such patches connected by exchange of individuals among patches
Metapopulation
106
It summarizes the pattern of survival in a population
Survivorship curve
107
A plant that grows in discrete annual pulses
Phlox drummondii
108
What shape of curve does a logistic population growth produces?
Sigmoidal or s-shaped
109
A couple who studied Darwin's finches in Galapagos Islands for years
Rosemary and Peter Grant
110
A specie of Cactus that serves as food source for Finches
Opuntia helleri
111
This principle underscores the fact that if an organism uses energy for one function such as growth, it reduce the amount of energy available for other functions such as reproduction
Principle of allocation
112
It is simply the number of eggs or seeds produced by an organism
Fecundity
113
They try to determine the extent to which life history differences among species might influence gene flow between populations
Tom Turner and Joel Trexler
114
Small, streamlined benthic fishes that live in rivers and streams throughout eastern and central north america
Darters
115
What are four plant growth forms
Graminoids
Forb category
Woody plants
Climbers
116
A structure on the surface of some seeds generally containing oils attractive to ants
Elaiosome
117
Types of assisted dispersal
Adhesion adapted
Wind dispersed
Animal dispersed (ant-dispersed, vertebrate-dispersed, and scatterhoarded)
118
What are the three functions that the limited energy supplies are allocated
Maintenance, growth, and reproduction
119
He explored patterns in adult survival and reproductive effort among 28 populations of fish.
Donald Gunderson
120
It refers to the per capita rate of increase a selection favoring a higher population growth rate
r selection
121
A pattern of distribution where neutral interactions between individuals and between individuals and local environment.
Random
122
A pattern of distribution where antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources. It is when individuals avoid each other
Regular
123
Distribution patterns we're attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource. It is when population have mutual relationship
Clumped
124
Because all organism have access to limited energy and other resources, there is a ________ between the number and size of offspring
Trade-off
125
True or false
Young shrubs are clumped because seeds germinate in unlimited numbers of safe sites
False - limited
126
True or false
Another way of estimating patterns of survival is to record the age at death of a small number of individuals
False - Large number of individuals
127
Does number of shoots produced by grafting considered as birth? Yes or no?
No
128
True or false
Coyotes kill more hares when hare numbers are declining
False
129
True or false
Lynxs showed higher predation rates when hare population was increasing
False
130
An unicellular algae that has mutualistic relationship with corals
Zooxanthellae
