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Cognitive Psychology > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychologists would love to ____ directly how each of us represents knowledge.

A

Observe

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2
Q

A possibility for observing how we represent knowledge in our minds is the ____ approach

A

Rationalist

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3
Q

Refers to facts that can be STATED; knowing that

A

Declarative Knowledge

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4
Q

Knowledge of procedures that can be IMPLEMENTED; knowing how

A

Procedural Knowledge

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5
Q

The picture is similar to the real-world object it represents. It provides concrete information such as shape and relative size.

A

Analogous

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6
Q

The relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary

A

Symbolic Representation

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7
Q

Some cognitive psychologists have suggested that we have some _____ that resemble pictorial, analogous images, and other _______ that are highly symbolic, like words

A

Mental Representations

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8
Q

Are a good way to show CONCRETE and SPATIAL information in a way that is similar to what they show

A

Picture

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9
Q

Make it easy to express ABSTRACT and CATEGORICAL information in a way that is symbolic of what the words mean.

A

WORDS

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10
Q

Mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

A

Imagery

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11
Q

Controlling pain and overcoming psychological problems, such as phobias and other anxiety disorders

A

Guided Imagery Techniques

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12
Q

Imagery to think about various structures and processes and to solve problems in their chosen fields

A

Imagery in Various Fields

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13
Q

By means of imagining the details of the tasks in the correct order so as to remember all the details involved, brain-damaged patients can wash dishes or take medication.

A

Occupational Therapy

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14
Q

People use both pictorial (ANALOG) and verbal codes (SYMBOLIC) for representing information in their mind

A

Dual-code theory

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15
Q

Types of codes

A

Symbolic Code
Analog Codes

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16
Q

Is a code that has been chosen RANDOMLY to stand for something that DOES NOT PERCEPTUALLY RESEMBLE what is being represented.

A

Symbolic Code

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17
Q

Are codes that RESEMBLE THE OBJECTS they are representing.

A

Analog Codes

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18
Q

Our mental representations more closely resemble the abstract form of a ____

A

Proposition

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19
Q

Is the meaning underlying a particular relationship among concepts: [Relationship between elements] ([Subject element)][Object element]

A

Proposition

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20
Q

According to the ____ hypothesis, we represent and use visual imagery in a way that is functionally equivalent (strongly analogous) to that for physical percepts.

A

functional equivalence

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21
Q

Our ____ of images and our ___ across images CORRESPOND to those of physical objects and percepts

A

Mental Transformation
Mental Movements

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22
Q

The ____ among elements of a visual image are ANALOGOUS to those relations in actual physical space

A

Spatial Relations

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23
Q

Can be used to generate information that was not explicitly stored during encoding

A

Mental Images

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24
Q

The construction of mental image is ANALOGOUS to the construction of?

A

Visually Perceptible Figures.

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25
Is functionally EQUIVALENT to visual perception in terms of the processes of the visual system used for each
VIsual Imagery
26
Mental rotation involves ____ an object's visual mental image
Rotationally Transforming
27
Mentally zooming IN or OUT to perceive details about a mental image
Image Scaling
28
The FURTHER away from each other the objects were, the LONGER it took participants to scan from one object to the other
IMAGE SCANNING
29
A person asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined scene
Representational Neglect
30
A person ignores half of his or her visual field
Spatial Neglect
31
The use of an organized means of combining words in order to communicate with those around us.
Language
32
The psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind. It considers both production and comprehension of language
Psycholinguistics
33
Four areas of study have contributed greatly to an understanding of psycholinguistic
Linguistics Neurolinguistics Sociolinguistics Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics
34
The study of language structure and change
Linguistics
35
The study of the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language
Neurolinguistics
36
The study of the relationship between social behavior and language (Caroll, 1986)
Sociolinguistics
37
The study of language via computational methods
Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics
38
Properties of Language
Communicative Arbitrarily Symbolic Regularly Structured Structured at Multiple Levels Generative, Productive Dynamic
39
Language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language
Communicative
40
Language creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents: an idea, a thing, a process, a relationship, or a description.
Arbitrarily Symbolic
41
Language has a structure; only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different arrangements yield different meanings.
Regularly Structured
42
The structure of language can be analyzed at more than one level (e.g., in sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases.)
Structured at Multiple Levels
43
Within the limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce novel utterances. The possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless.
Generative, Productive
44
Languages constantly evolve
Dynamic
45
Basic Components of Words
Phoneme Morpheme Lexicon
46
smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a given language from another
Phoneme
47
The next level of the hierarchy after the phoneme
Morpheme
48
Are the words that convey the bulk of the meaning of a language
Content Morphemes
49
Add detail and nuance to the meaning of the context morphemes or help the content morphemes fit the grammatical context.
Function Morphemes
50
The entire set of morphemes in a given language or in a given person's linguistic repertoire
Lexicon
51
The study of meaning in a language
Semantics
52
One or more phonemes begin while other phonemes still are being produced
Coarticulation
53
The process of trying to separate the continuous sound stream, into distinct words
Speech Segmentation
54
Although the speech sounds, we actually hear comprise a continuum of variations in sound waves, we experience speech sound categorically
Categorical Perception
55
We use the movements of the speaker's vocal tract to perceive what he says
Motor Theory of Speech Perception
56
Refers to the assertion that speakers of different languages have differing cognitive systems and that these different cognitive systems influence the ways in which people think about the world.
Linguistic Relativity
57
Is sometimes referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, named after the two men who were most forceful in propagating it, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis
58
people who can speak two languages
Bilinguals
59
People who can speak only one language
Monolinguals
60
A second language is acquired in addition to a relatively well developed first language
Additive Bilingualism
61
Elements of a second language replace elements of the first language
Subtractive Bilingualism
62
Suggest that two languages are represented in just one system or brain region
Single System Hypothesis
63
Suggest that two languages are represented somehow in separate systems of the mind
Dual-System Hypothesis
64
____ is not a certain outcome of linguistic contact between different language groups
Bilingualism
65
A regional variety of a language distinguished by features such as vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.
Dialect
66
The verbal slips reflect some kind of unconscious processing that has psychological significance
Freudian Slips
67
People tend to make various kinds of slips in their conversations (Fromkin, 1973; Fromkin & Rodman, 1988):
Anticipation Perseveration Substitution Reversal Spoonerisms Malapropism Insertions of sounds
68
Figurative use of language
Metaphorical Language
69
The study of how people use language
Pragmantics
70
Adress the question of what you can accomplish with speech and fall into five basic categories.
Speech Acts
71
Searle's Taxonomy of Speech Acts
Representative Directive Commissive Expressive Declaration or Performative
72
Mr. Smith says, "It's important for Jack to learn responsibility. Asking him to help shovel the driveway is one way he can learn about responsibility
Representative
73
"Please help me shovel the snow"
Directive
74
"I'm busy now, but I'll help you shovel the snow later,"
Commissive
75
"I'm really upset that you didn't come through in helping me shovel the snow,"
Expressive
76
"You're fired."
Declaration or Perfomative
77
We accomplish our goals in speaking in an oblique fashion.
Indirect Speech Acts
78
Is an impairment of language functioning caused by damage to the brain (Caramazza & Shapiro, 2001; Garrett, 2003; Hillis & Caramazza, 2003)
Aphasia
79
It is characterized by notable impairment in the understanding of spoken words and sentences.
Wernicke's Aphasia
80
It is characterized by the production of agrammatical speech at the same time that verbal comprehension ability is largely preserved.
Broca's Aphasia
81
It is the combination of highly impaired comprehension and production of speech. It is caused by lesions to both Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Global Aphasia
82
Involves difficulties in naming objects or in retrieving words. The patient may look at an object and simply be unable to retrieve the word that corresponds to the object
Anomic Aphasia
83
Involves the formation of a mental models that is analogous, in some respects, to visual imagery.
Haptic Imagery (touch-based)
84
Used to explain things, ideas and actions using sounds that appeal to our sense of hearing
Auditory Imagery (based on hearing)
85
Appears to be more proficient in representing and manipulating verbal and other symbol-based knowledge
Left Hemisphere
86
Appears to represent and manipulate visuospatial knowledge in a manner similar to perception
Right Hemishphere
87
Refers to the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colors and shapes
Visual Imagery
88
Refers to images that represent spatial features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations.
Spatial Imagery
89
Cognitive Map Heuristics
Right Angle Bias Symmetry Heuristic Rotation Heuristic Alignment Heuristic Relative-Position Heuristic
90
people tend to think of intersections
Right angle bias
91
people tend to think of shapes
Symmetry heuristic
92
people tend to distort the images as being either more vertical or more horizontal
Rotation heuristic
93
distorting their mental images to be better aligned
Alignment heuristic
94
distorted in mental images in ways that more accurately reflect people’s conceptual knowledge
Relative-position heuristic

Cognitive Psychology (1 decks)

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